stephen king the body essay - 696 Words

In the Novel the body by Stephen king The Character Gordie Lachance is a very girfted kid. Gordie is very creative having the ability to create stories for his friends and he also like writing stories. Gordie is also has good teamwork skills being able to act efficient in a group of people. Gordie was also neglected but he still managed to be successful. One of Gordie’s character traits is creativity, Gordie has a talent for writing stories in the novel Chris and Gordie had a talk. Chris was telling Gordie â€Å"don’t let your friends drag you down† he was referring to Gordies talent of wring stories. In the novel you also read a couple of Gordies stories stud city and the revenge of lard ass. Stud city was very creative a lot of†¦show more content†¦Gordie was also in the showdown with Ace when he wanted to take the body. Goride did not run away like Vern and Teddy he stayed with Chris until the conflict with the body was resolved. Gordie has shown teamwork skills in the body being able to travel to the body and get home safe with Ray Brower. Another Character trait for Gordie is neglected. His parents don’t pay attention to him mostly because his older brother Denny died in a car crash. In the body Godie says â€Å"I’d been like the invisible boy all summer. So he doesn’t get attention from his parents they neglect him because there still in shock their football star son is dead. Gordie also says â€Å"it had seemed to take all the heart out of my parents. His parents have not been the same since Denny died even when he was there Denny still got more of the attention because he was amazing at football. Lastly at the end of the novel when Gordie came home from his journey to find Ray brower, he sat down in kitchen to make himself food his mom said where have you been gordie then said camping then she drifted off to the sink talking about how she missed Denny. Gordie had was neglected by his parents they just missed Denny. In conclusion Gordie is very creative being able to make up stories then write books about them and turn them into movies. He has great teamwork skills being able to work efficiently in aShow MoreRelatedWhy We Crave Horror Movies1362 Words   |  6 Pageswant me to be alone tonight. Tonight was the night my brother died two years ago. It’s a funny story how it happened, but that’s a story to tell another time. According to Stephen King’s essay â€Å"Why We Crave Horror Movies† he draws viewers into horror stories like the one above simply because we crave it. King claims in his essay we obsess over the wanting of horror as if we are daring the nightmare. The human condition is finally allows people to enter the totality of anti-civilization behavior. ManyRead MoreWe live in a society where a life of another human being is losing value by the minute, murder is900 Words   |  4 PagesEven sadder, this is acceptable; this is our normal. When we are childre n, we have an indescribable innocence; we are invincible. As we grow up, life happens, and we go through hardships that break us. Stephen King says it best with the words â€Å"sometimes inhuman places create human monsters† (Stephen King, The Shining) It is in the battle of finding ourselves in the process of trying to pick up the broken pieces. We tend to feel our losses more intensely than our gains- the exact reason we often see theRead MoreWhy We Crave Horror Movies By Stephen King Essay1080 Words   |  5 Pagessense of dread all throughout our body, causing our muscles to tense up, pupils to dilate, body to sweat, stomach to clench, and to breathe heavily. Fear’s main intention of doing so is to warn ourselves of any potential danger we might be in and prevent any future harm done to us. (Dayton) So, for what reason might we humans want to experience fear; such as watching horror movies, when it is so closely associated with pain? In Stephen King’s somewhat subjective essay in the 1984 Playboy magazine, WhyRead MoreAnalysis of Why We Crave Horror Movies by Stephen King Essay1050 Words   |  5 Pages Not only is Stephen King’s essay, â€Å"Why We Crave Horror Movies†, a biased sample, but it also appeals to population and emotion. To further explain why we crave horror movies, King argues that â€Å"we are all mentally ill† (345). He expresses that we all make an independent decision to buy a movie ticket and sit in a theatre. King goes on the to explain our mental insanity through examples, such as, â€Å"sick jokes† (347). According to King, these â€Å"sick jokes† prove our insanity and our need toRead MoreAnalysis Of The Article A Classic Format For Piano 1640 Words   |  7 PagesThe Five-Paragraph Essay # A classic format for compositions is the five-paragraph essay. It is not the only format for writing an essay, of course, but it is a useful model for you to keep in mind, especially as you begin to develop your composition skills. The following material is adapted from a handout prepared by Harry Livermore for his high school English classes at Cook High School in Adel, Georgia. It is used here with his permission. Introduction: Introductory Paragraph See, first, WritingRead MoreThe Themes Of Fears In Stephen Kings Why We Crave Horror867 Words   |  4 Pagesthat , later on that day we went and none of us could sleep because we always thought someone was coming in the house all because we heard noises coming from downstairs of the house. These are the types of fears brought up in Stephen King’s article â€Å"Why We Crave Horror.† Stephen King’s claims are true because we read horror stories or watch horror movies to get over the fact of being scared; his claims help people get back to be normal and help them release anger and emotions. Human crave horrorRead More Stephen King Essay768 Words   |  4 PagesBIOGRAPHY ON STEPHEN KING Stephen Edwin King was born in Portland, Maine, on September 21, 1947, the son of Donald and Nellie Ruth king. His father, a merchant seaman, deserted the family in about 1950. His mother took a succession of low-paying jobs to support him and his brother, David. A lonely, rather introverted child, King invented a more outgoing alter ego – Cannonball Cannon, a daredevil who â€Å"did good deeds† – and derived other vicarious thrills from listening to tales of horrorRead MoreWhy We Crave Horror Movies Response1405 Words   |  6 PagesMary Nguyen Prof. Joanna Bradfield MWF 11:10-12:00 PM 20 January, 2016 Why We Crave Horror Movies Response In Stephen King’s essay, â€Å"Why We Crave Horror Movies,† the author exemplifies a present-day approach to thinking about the genre of horror. King offers three explanations for why people go to see horror films: to psychologically relieve ourselves, to exercise our fears, and to establish our feelings of essential normality. He claims that watching horror films is not just a trendRead MoreEssay Why We Crave Horror Movies by Stephen King940 Words   |  4 Pages Stephen King wrote a very brief essay titled Why we Crave Horror Movies, in which he explained some of the reasons that people choose to go to horror movies to be entertained. In his essay, King goes on to explain that we as a people need horror movies as a sort of release; to feed the darker elements within all of us without having to sacrifice our humanity (also, civility). King does this by comparing people based on their levels of sanity whereas some societal eccentricities are completelyRead MoreEssay on Why We Crave Horror Movies1046 Words   |  5 PagesIn the essay, Why We Crave Horror Movies by Stephen King the author tries to prove that the modern day horror movie is are relief of violence, are fix of adrenaline and fun, and also something that can dare the nightmare. In a lot of ways these things can be related to real life situations. My relief of violence is playing video games, and my fix of fun and adrenaline is when I play football, and something that dares my nigh tmare is when I challenge my brother. In the essay, Why We Crave Horror

William Shakespeare s Othello - The Most Amazing Classics...

It has recently come to my attention that not enough people understand how great William Shakespeare’s Othello has been to our lives. When people look at this book, some of them think that it’s one the most amazing classics of all time, but other think that it’s nothing more than a bunch of clutter, which in reality, it’s not. So I began to research about it, explaining it by the main themes: Jealousy, Warfare, Marriage and Race. Which’ll lead up to the conclusion on how these main themes tie to this story all together. However, it would be safe to assume that William Shakespeare’s Othello is going to be around for a long time and have an enormous impact on the lives of many people. The first theme that I’ll be explaining to the readers from what I’ve been researching for the past week or so, is jealousy. This kind of emotion reveals how dangerous it can do to people, and why people need help control of that emotion. Even if rep ort shows that this negative feeling that we have to each other, it can ruin people’s lives. For instance, when Othello submitted by this negative emotion, which was caused by Iago, he was blinded by it and didn’t even realized what he saw coming. (Shakespeare) As a result, Othello commits a Murder-suicide attempt, meaning he killed the only women she loved, while killing himself in the process. (Foster 1-3) In short, I can conclude from the first theme that jealousy is a negative emotion that people should never succumb to, even if it might endShow MoreRelatedWilliam Shakespeare s All The World s A Stage 1540 Words   |  7 PagesMegan Mackey Professor Raja Atallah English 1102 17 April 2017 Research Paper William Shakespeare once said, All the World’s a Stage —and now his quote can be applied to his literature within his tragedies (William Shakespeare 1). The generation of people today have a much different definition of tragedies than people did during the Shakespearean times. Shakespeare’s tragedies involve a protagonist whose character is developed so that it is clear that he is a heroic figure in the setting of theRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare: A Brief Biography651 Words   |  3 Pages William Shakespeare is arguably the most well known and successful author is the history of literature. Little is known about Shakespeare’s childhood and is what questions he’s existence. Besides the lack of knowledge of his childhood, Shakespeare lived a successful adult life. His plays changed the english language language forever. In all of his success, people still doubt he ever existed. William Shakespeare’s birth is unknown but church records show that he was baptised on April 26, 1564Read MoreGp Essay Mainpoints24643 Words   |  99 PagesRight tech for wrong reasons 3. Arts/Culture a. Arts have a future in Singapore? b. Why pursue Arts? c. Arts and technology d. Uniquely Singapore: Culture 4. Environment a. Developed vs. Developing b. Should environment be saved at all costs c. Are we doing enough to save the environment? d. Main reasons for environmental problems nowadays 5. Religion a. Religion divides more than it unites b. Religion and politics c. Science and religion 6. Terrorism a. Can terrorism

The Mentality of the French Revolution - 1496 Words

Terrorism is often associated nowadays with radical extremist groups, who use terror as their only method of power to attain their goals from others. The first time â€Å"terror† was actually used however was during the French revolution. The reign of terror was seen in the aftermath of the execution of the King. It was a product of the mentality of the revolution. With everyday that passed, the uncertainty amongst the people grew, and actions became more and more drastic. With the King no longer in the picture, the Jacobins and the Girondins were more enemies to one another than ever before. During the French Revolution, it can be debated whether or not the terror that was used can be seen as a sign of power or as a sign of weakness. Whether†¦show more content†¦The arrest of suspects by surveillance committees was directed at those who, by word, action or status, were associated with â€Å"the Ancien Regime.† The suspects included a wide array of citizens fro m nobles and office holders to women left to represent family names, to clergy and shopkeepers. All government bodies and the army were placed under the control of the Committee, which had to report weekly to the Convention. This is where in the extreme view of people like Robespierre and Gamelin, people were inflicted with panic and fear. Some people who were not counter-revolutionaries could be convicted of based merely on their lifestyle. Living wealthily was associated suddenly with the old regime. Having indulgences was frowned upon and perusing a simple life was patriot way of the citizens. All of these things began to be associated with evil and corruption in the eyes of Gamelin and Robespierre. That October began the series of executions by guillotine, and so began the Reign of Terror. The sweeping brutality of the Terror in France utilized the guillotine, propaganda, intimidation, coercion, firing squads, detentions, and surveillance to discourage political opposition. All such opposition at this time was considered treachery and punishable with the threat of execution. If you were seen just talking with someone who might be suspected ofShow MoreRelatedGreat Philosophers Like Adam Smith, Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.1589 Words   |  7 PagesSchlesinger Jr. and Sarkar have proven revolutions to be a buildup of cyclical events. Political, economic, and social events have a pattern that they follow and move as never ending cycles rather than having specific starting and ending points. Revolutions originate from a convergence of cyclical economic, political, and social, events that work together to create an uprising or disturbance within a mass of people. The roots of these cycles are mother nature, the mentality of the masses, and military strengthRead MoreFrench Rev olution: the Solution to Class Inequality1141 Words   |  5 Pages The French Revolution was one of the most important events that occurred in the history of France. The revolution crumpled the Old Regime and completely transformed the social and political system of France. The people of France sought to establish a more egalitarian society through their newly created Republic. When Enlightenment thinkers such as John Locke, Jean-Jacques Rousseau and Baron de Montesquieu introduced individual liberty, natural rights and equality the ideas of revolution emergedRead MoreA Tale Of Two Cities Essay1471 Words   |  6 Pages Charles Dickens wrote A Tale of Two Cities in order to enlighten the average Briton about the events of the French Revolution. The novel compares and contrasts cities of London and Paris, which represent French and British society, through the eyes of Dickens’ human characters. The two cities play such a large part in the novel that they become characters themselves, and the contrasting societies of the two cities become a conflict. In Charles Dickens’ classic, A Tale of Two Cities, the individualisticRead MoreIn 1789, The Old Regime Came To An End With The Beginning1283 Words   |  6 Pagesend with the beginning of the French Revolution. The patchwork quilt of the old French system had been swept away. While the changes of the French government and society were not sudden, the mentality and the philosophy of the people changed suddenly to allow for the practical changes to come around. Looking at who is to be a citizen, religious minorities, and women, the ideal for a new system came suddenly from the enlightenment, which allowed practical changes in French society at a slower pace. Read MoreEssay On The Causes Of The French And American Revolution1061 Words   |  5 PagesThe American, French, Haitian, and Mexican revolutions are epitomes of responsible citizens advocating for social and political upheaval in hopes of saving and furthering their states. These revolutions, more than others, exemplify nations that rebelled against governments which maliciously abused their power. The American Revolution focused on achieving independence from Britain, as Britain abused their power by unfairly taxing colonists. The Mexican Revolution concentrated on eliminating dictatorshipRead MoreThe Use of Mobs in â€Å"a Tale of Two Cities†1493 Words   |  6 PagesDickens uses the mob mentality to depict the bloody horror and the ultimate success of the French Revolution. In the book, Dickens portrays the people as having the hatred necessary for mob violence. Immediately, the book shows us an example how such hatred was created. When a youth’s hands were chopped off, â€Å"tongue torn out with pincers† and â€Å"his body burned alive† it shows the violence and torture that led to the French revolution. The youth represents the weak in French society just like theRead MoreSocial Structure Of France During The French Revolution Essay1255 Words   |  6 PagesThe French Revolution was a time of period where social and political was a disruption in France that lasted from 1789 until 1799. This time of period affected Social Structure of France prior to the French Revolution. The factors that caused this revolution was due to having a bad government system, weak superiority, and inequality of the classes of people in France during the war. In this research, I will define and explain how Social Structure contributed to the Frenc h Revolution ResentmentRead MoreLiberalism in French Revolution Through Enlightenment1593 Words   |  7 PagesTHE LIBERAL REVOLUTION -UNDER THE IDEA OF ENLIGHTENMENT Dare to know! Have courage to use your own reason!-Kant Contents ENLIGHTENMENT AS AN IDEA: 3 FRENCH SOCIETY: 3 THE LIBERAL REVOLUTION: 3 CRITICISM ON THE IDEA OF LIBERALISM: 4 CONCLUSION 5 BIBLIOGRAPHY 6 ENLIGHTENMENT AS AN IDEA: â€Å"Enlightenment is mans emergence from his self-imposed nonage†¦ Sapere Aude! Dare to Know! Have the courage to use your own understanding is therefore the motto of the EnlightenmentRead MoreThe French Revolution And The Revolution1640 Words   |  7 Pages The French Revolution is often seen as one of the most influential and significant events in world history (Voices 9). The surge of rebellion present in those against the old regime, or Ancien Rà ©gime, inspired reformers for generations to come. Nevertheless, the French Revolution would not have occurred without the aid of the Enlightenment Thinkers, or Philosophà ©s. These Philosophà ©s’ ideas sparked the French Revolution. Prior to the French Revolution, France was radically different. It was theRead MoreCommunist Manifesto And Abraham Kuyper s The Problem Of Poverty1385 Words   |  6 Pagesgroups then presents the political movement of Communism as a solution to the contrast. Kuyper, on the other hand, focuses his presentation on the idolization of monetary wealth over the sovereignty of God beginning at the conclusion of the French Revolution. Kuyper’s writing not only presents a religious solution to class struggle, but is also a response of Christians to Marx’s manifesto of 1848. In 1848, Karl Marx, with the assistance of Friedrich Engels, presented a strong viewpoint of the socio-economic

Education Of The Muslim Religion - 1547 Words

Education of the Muslim religion and the female gender should be enforced by the government to increase tolerance and understanding of Muslim women who are harassed and discriminated against due to their religious beliefs and their gender. While gender equality has greatly evolved with the turn of the century, there are still women worldwide, especially women of color, who are being mistreated solely because of their gender. Ever since the crisis of 9/11, Muslim people have been judged and harassed; they are being seen as nothing but a stereotype to many people, and this blind hatred must end. Through education, respect and tolerance for Muslim women can be achieved with hard work, an open mind, and initiative. Discrimination against Muslim women has increased in mainly caucasian societies since the terrorist attack of 9/11. However, discrimination toward Muslim women has long been present. More than â€Å"160 Muslim-Americans† have been accused of being violent, and/or being terrorists within the last decade previous to 9/11 (Islamphobia). These islamophobes tend to forget that since 9/11, many Muslims have aided America with security and law enforcement in order to prevent another terrorist attack. Many Muslims admit to feeling unappreciated and disrespected by those in the West. In addition, 52% of Americans and 48% of Canadians even believe that the West doesn’t respect Muslim societies. (Islamophobia) Tahera Ahmed, who recently was discriminated against by being denied aShow MoreRelatedSaudi Arabia s Education System881 Words   |  4 PagesSaudi Arabia’s education system has drastically changed. When the Kingdom was established in 1932, education was available t o very few people, mostly the children of wealthy families living in the major cities. Today, Saudi Arabia’s education system includes 25 public and 27 private universities, some 30,000 schools and a large number of colleges and other institutions. The system is open to all citizens, and provides students with free education, books and health services. While the study of IslamRead MoreEssay on Future of Islam624 Words   |  3 Pagesthoughts. I had no clue what the future of this religion would be I thought there are people for the American Gov. who are being payed a lot of money to figure this out and I don’t think they even know. So I decided to do research to figure out what my opinion on this matter was. I found that there could be different futures for different places, like Islam in the United States and Islam in the Middle East. I found that in the pre 9/11 days Muslims were a proud people and one of America’s largestRead MoreIslam, By Michael Lipka And Conrad Hackett1606 Words   |  7 PagesToday, religion is a very controversial topic; and perhaps the most controversial religion of all, is Islam. Islam is the world s second largest religion after Christianity, and the fastest growing religion in the world. Research conducted by Michael Lipka and Conrad Hackett found that, Muslims will grow more than twice as fast as the overall world population between 2010 and 2050 and, in the second half of this century, will likely surpass Christians as the world’s largest religious group. WithRead MoreReligion And Ethnicity : The Islamic Religion991 Words   |  4 PagesReligion and Ethnicity Religion and ethnicity are two of the many common factors in the U.S. that encourage individuals to discriminate and be prejudice to certain groups belonging to those factors. The Islamic Religion is a form of religion that has very different beliefs, worship practices, and values. Other religious groups and even outsiders, don’t understand their religion because they’ve never experienced it first hand. Many religions believe in one god, other in many gods, and some in noRead MoreThe Rise Of Islamophobia Has Affected The Lives Of Many Muslims Living Of Western Countries1708 Words   |  7 Pagesthe rise of Islamophobia has affected the lives of many Muslims living in Western countries. Islamophobia by nature is racist, it makes general assumptions of a large group of people who share a common belief system. Making any generalization of the followers of Islam or of Islam itself, will oversimplify what is a diverse and complex global religious tradition. Yet western conv erts to Islam are often met with incomprehension, a white Muslim does not fit in with most people’s association of IslamRead MoreA Brief Note On Islamophobia, The Prejudice Against Muslims1343 Words   |  6 Pagesprejudice against Muslims, has become an increasing social injustice issue in post 9/11 America. Although the 9/11 attacks on the Twin Towers are what sparked the racism and hateful acts directed at Muslims, the unfair treatment and intolerance has grown worse in the past year alone since the growing public awareness of ISIS. Many Americans are uneducated on the facts outside of what they hear from the media, and they do not recognize a difference between Islamic extremists and Muslims. There is a misconceptionRead MoreThe Cultural Issues Of Christianity863 Words   |  4 Pagescomparison. Twice a year they have Eid. The social issue is that generally children have to attend school and people go to work as they are not considered public holidays. PRC (2014) states that there approximately 2.9 million Muslims in the UK which is 4.8% of the UK population. Muslims are campaigning for Eid and other Islamic festivals to be considered as public holidays according to BBC News (2014) as Conservative MP Bob Blackman has obtained a petition signed by over 120,000 people that Eid should beRead MoreThe Impact Of Immigration On The Diversity Of A Countries Society1201 Words   |  5 Pagesnot only the people who live in these places, but the relationship among other countries as well. Immigration places a huge role in the diversity of a countries society. Through the interaction and integration of certain resources, people, and religions, conflict is increased within and across these areas. We see these up rises in places such as France and India. Throughout the years, many of France’s immigrants have come from European countries and the Maghreb countries throughout North AfricaRead MoreThe Possiblity of Muslims Following Their Religion Faithfully in Britain888 Words   |  4 PagesThe Possiblity of Muslims Following Their Religion Faithfully in Britain I believe that it is possible for Muslims to follow their religion faithfully in Britain but it would be difficult. Firstly I do believe that problems will occur with Muslims living in Britain however since there are more Muslims living here over time I cannot see how living in Britain should be a barrier to their faith. Since the Race Relations Act was passed in 1976 any discrimination of raceRead MoreIslamophobia: Muslims and Terrorism1162 Words   |  5 Pages9/11 has induced negative attitudes towards Muslim peoples who tend to be strongly associated with any act of terrorism. The media has played a colossal role in developing such negative association wherein it constantly portrays Muslim people in combination with violent terrorist acts. It does so in a way that they both go hand-and-hand. In other words, it has made it as though the Islamic religion is synonymous with terrorism. The media has perpetuated Muslim stereotypes over the years that followed

Managerial and Personal Effectiveness in Human Resources Management Free Essays

string(138) " the theoretical concepts and finally, the interactive effectiveness in guiding others towards the goal, the human aspect \(Katz, 1974\)\." Introduction My name is XYZ. I’m a business graduate and an entrepreneur by profession. I remember what it was like being a student. We will write a custom essay sample on Managerial and Personal Effectiveness in Human Resources Management or any similar topic only for you Order Now During my business graduate program that was spread across a span of 4 years from 2004 – 2008, I lead numerous teams and groups for our term projects. Over the years I realized that team leadership is one of my strengths. My projects would always reflect team spirit and team work. Employment History During my graduate program I always aspired and dreamt of working as an entrepreneur and running a business at my own terms. So, once I graduated I set off to set up my own magazine publishing company in 2009. What I loved about setting up my own business from scratch was the huge learning experience that I went through, with unlimited scope and a journey that continues. Working for other established firms is good, but then you are limited to a certain role in an organization where procedures are already set and where your scope is limited. In your own startup you get to experiment beyond a boundary and find for yourself what works and what doesn’t; the learning is immense. Job Description Being an entrepreneur is different from being a manager within a job. You’re not just an HR Manager or Finance individual or even just a Marketing Executive. A good entrepreneur has to ensure that he recruits and retains a motivated work force, attracts business, introduces cost efficient ways and earns a handsome profit for the organization. An entrepreneur is an all-in-one role for his/her respective organization. When I first set off to set up my own Magazine Publishing Company I had nothing but a little money to invest, some educational background and understanding of business and a business idea. My job responsibility for the past 3 years has thus been the development of this business. From getting business from advertising companies, to managing relationships with the retail channels and managing human relations, my job entails everything and more. Today, I manage a team of 12 people that include designers, writers and editors. I myself am the Chief Marketing Officer with most of my efforts geared towards business development. Reflection Personal Effectiveness | Ability to manage self and others Objective Analysis: When I first set up the organization I faced a situation all too familiar with most startups, the employee turnover rate was very high. Since companies take time in branding themselves as good employers, people generally treat startups like train stations, either just a platform to kick start their professional career or just a resting point between two jobs. It is very inconvenient for organizations, especially startups, to spend time, money and effort in recruiting, hiring and training employees only to have them lured away by, what many might consider to be more attractive buyers in the market for labor. It is much costlier to replace employees than to retain them (Herzberg, 1987). As a new business I lacked the resources to be able to pay higher than the market rate or to offer luring financial incentives. I thus tried to motivate people through more intrinsic incentives. About 6 months had passed since the business was set up but the situational had not particularly improved since employees would join the organization but leave before their probation period would end. The additional costs of finding new resources, having them trained and then having them quit when coupled with the recession underway wasn’t particularly one of the scenarios I had dreamt of as the CEO. Subjective Analysis As a student, I had always been automatically been trusted as the group leader and the skill was something that came naturally to me. However, it was the first time that I had to consciously put my skill to test and make an effort to be a good leader. When I assumed the task of ensuring that the employee turnover rate would go down and the overall team spirit among all organizational members would rise, I was thrilled, perhaps, because I believed to be good at it. Upon conducting a situational analysis of the company and measuring factors that might be held responsible in the company having a low retention rate, high turnover rate and generally lower levels of morale, I realized that perhaps I was underestimating the importance of extrinsic incentives that could have helped to achieve maximum managerial effectiveness. Having failed in motivating employees through extrinsic factors, I looked deeper into what could have been the issue. Growth should be a mutually beneficial and mutually attained characteristic for any organization and its employees. As a manager I had overlooked something very important, I failed to see how important it was that an organization’s strategic plan should be able to support and match with an individual’s plans. For managerial effects to gain maximum effectiveness, organizational goals need to be made coherent with an employee’s personal goals. Reflective Analysis When it comes to problem solving situations like these, Personal effectiveness can be categorized as one’s ability to solve the following 4: adaptation, goal attainment, tension management and integration (Sutton Ford, 1982). The process of Human Resource Management and applying management to oneself is a part of management known as Self-Management. It is important to note that one cannot simply hope to manage others if they cannot manage their selves. Any study of management is fruitless unless it is accompanied by positive changes in one’s personal life (Malik, 2010). Effectiveness can best be explained as the outcome of a manger’s effort in trying to cope with a scenario or situation by properly achieving the desired results or meeting the set goals or targets in every organizational aspect. Personal and managerial effectiveness comes as an outcome of three main aspects, the personal knowledge of skills and qualifications needed to come up to the technical aspect, the understanding of the theoretical concepts and finally, the interactive effectiveness in guiding others towards the goal, the human aspect (Katz, 1974). You read "Managerial and Personal Effectiveness in Human Resources Management" in category "Essay examples" Achieving effectiveness in the management of all the above mentioned three dimensions will provide the recipe for productivity and efficiency by developing self and others. To achieve effectiveness in personal management the manager is expected to be doing everything just right. The important point here is that personal effectiveness is the key to managing others and one’s self in the organizational environment. Personal and managerial effectiveness matters most in an organization in situations where the chances of progress are most direly needed and wanted. However, little attention seems to have been paid to managerial effectiveness in comparison to some other aspects of organizational dynamics (Srivastava Sinha, 2004) Career Development Objective Analysis When I had a team of 10 people with me, I tried to motivate them through intrinsic motivators. I did what I felt would have been the right thing to do and I focused the organization’s efforts to intrinsic rewards. The first of these efforts was an office get together where my intention was to get the employees socialize with one another. Then we announced the employee of the month and it proved to be a double ended sword. To be precise, unfortunately, the efforts were not entirely fruitful and the employee retention rate didn’t significantly improve over a significant period of time. I noticed that many of my employees belonged to the first and second stage in Maslow’s hierarchy of needs and the organization was moving towards a more intrinsically rewarding organization. Subjective Analysis Initially, I was quite confident about the efforts I was putting in to motivate employees. I was positive that they will produce desired results. I arranged an office get together to let the management and employees meet in an informal, friendly environment. It went well but wasn’t exactly a success. I did see several bored faces and overheard a conversation or two where people felt like they were dragged to a party while they wished to spend some quality time at home. Next, I tried to announce the employee of the month. It did motivate the person who was awarded since he performed better in the months that followed but I noticed that it brought the morale of several other employees down to a great extent. Having gained considerable experience since then, now as I look back I realize where and what I missed. Had it been then, perhaps I could have designed a more effective strategy, the strategy of career development. Reflective Analysis Career Planning and Managerial Effectiveness Career plan holds substantial importance in the management of Human Resources. Employers need to realize the existence of their employees’ concerns and help them achieve their career plans in order to attract and retain the best talent. Career planning can thus act as a crucial tool for employee motivation (Pat hargreaves, 2000). The end objective of career planning is to prepare the employee for a journey that could be mutually beneficial for him/her and the organization s/he ends up working for. Career planning thus plays the role of a synchronizer between the missions and goals of the organization and the aims and aspirations of the employee. If these two start moving in harmony; the benefits of it are enjoyed equally by the employee and the employer[1] (Schein, 1978). Employee Motivation The end result that one needs to achieve from effective managerial practices is boosted employee morale and a high level of employee motivation prevailing in the organization. It’s true that at the end of the day, all of us work because we have bread and butter to earn; for the salary we get in return. But then; there are people who would go for a lower paying job, because it gives them more authority and decision making power, or somewhere where the work environment is friendlier and open to ideas. These are all, but, some of the factors that are known as the motivators. Motivation is a drive to do or not do something and that drive can be as individual as the person[2] (Lindner, n.d.). The best thing about Career planning as an employee motivation tool is that unlike other incentives the strategy does not â€Å"assume† anything. Proper career planning and development programs call for the employers to officially interview and ask for each individual to express their individual goals and aspirations in life. A company can thus better adhere to these goals when they clearly know it, match those with some of its own goals and create an environment that synergistically nourishes both the organization’s and the employee’s goals[3] (Douglas McGregor, 2006). Leadership Objective Analysis An entrepreneur has to be leader; s/he has to have the vision to be able to guide a group of people towards the long term organizational goals. I’ve always learned and experienced that setting SMART targets for yourself and your subordinates is perhaps the most effective way of achieving a target. I therefore, set a target for the company to break even in one year. We had to make up for the fixed costs of setting up the business, setting up the company website and other fixed costs. All the while, we had to make sure we effectively start covering our operating costs. As a leader I conducted regular meetings with the team and made it very clear how the success and the achievement of the target were important for each member of the organization. I ensured clear and constant channels of communications among team members, resolved team conflicts where they occurred and appreciated and encouraged team members wherever I felt that any effort was being made. During the team discussion I would have an ideal way of going about achieving an objective but I was open to other people’s opinion too. Once or twice did it happen that a team member tried to impose their ideas and completely reject mine, however ultimately it was my word that was acted upon. We were able to achieve our target on time and within budget. Subjective Analysis I was thrilled to lead a team of 12 people because I had not led that many people in the past and it obviously meant that I had a challenge to counter and that it would be an opportunity to stretch myself a bit. Of course I felt nervous, because previously even with the worst scenario I wasn’t exactly answerable to someone. This time however, my entire career and investment depended on my success. On our orientation where I assigned roles, changed responsibilities for a few and defined rules to abide by, I felt resistance from my team members. Maybe it was something that I just felt because it got better later on as they began to feel comfortable with me and so did I. But that might also have been because I realized change wasn’t easy after all and that people are always resistive to change. When organizations are adapting and going through change, a lot of skill is requirement to manage this change. Coaching is thus an extremely integral part of management in order to prepare the workforce on how to cope with the change[4] (FRIED, 1987). I therefore, played the role of a leader and a manager as well as a coach. Reflective Analysis Leadership plays an integral role in an organization and can at most times be a deciding factor for the success or failure of many (Bass, 1990). Good leadership can help the team and the entire organization through challenging times into good bright times. Every leader is a manager however, not every manager is a leader. While a manager tries to makes the best out of the limited resources s/he has in order to meet objectives, a leader tries to create opportunities with a unique vision. Having said that, what exactly is leadershipIs every leader equally effectiveOf course not A leader can suppose several roles and in many different ways. A leader could be authoritative or s/he could be really friendly and down to earth who encourages participation. A leader could also be a guide who assists his/her team where and when needed. In my role as a leader, I believe to have adopted the role of a participatory leader. However, I was strict and authoritative in my own way too. I would invite people when a decision was to be made and a direction to be selected and I respected people’s opinions and choices but once a direction would be set, I expected people to comply by it. More than any two of the above I was also a coach to my team. There can be two main reasons why someone might want to coach somebody; these could be improving a person’s skill set by ultimately improving their performance and helping them in improving their self-image and making them believe that they have the ability and the desire to achieve something (Campbell, 2007). Learning Outcomes | Final Reflection Generally speaking, Entrepreneurs never consciously try to harm their organizations. They being human beings, just make mistakes which can at times have drastic impacts. I, as an Entrepreneur, a manager as well as a team leader obviously would not have wanted my organization to bear any loss whether big or small. While I was successful as a team leader, I did fail as a strategist when it came to motivating employees for the first few months. The loss accounted to the mistakes that I made as a leader and a manager and that has accumulated into the following learning outcomes referring to each of the points discussed above; As a leader, always indulge in positive criticism that does not humiliate the employee When giving a negative feedback, focus on the solution and how the person can improve rather focusing on the weaknesses Make employees a part of decision making and planning Relate organizational goals to each individual’s personal aspirations and make them see how s/he can achieve his/her goals by achieving organizational goals Listen carefully to employees and improve channels of communication between you and them Slowly seep into the role of a coacher but don’t impose yourself on your employees. That being said, personal and managerial effectiveness is an on-going process that one continues to learn as we move up the ladder in our careers. Effectiveness is achieved and is the most fruitful for an organization when you succeed in motivating and managing people through self-management. You are successful when you have a team of loyal employees because there’s no better asset on your balance sheet than a loyal work force. References Bass, B. M., 1990. Bass Stogdill’s Handbook of Leadership.Free Press. Campbell, E. M., 2007. Impact and the art of motivation maintenance: The effects of contact with beneWciaries on persistence behavior. [Online] Available at: http://www.management.wharton.upenn.edu/grant/GrantCampbellChenCottoneLapedisLee_OBHDP2007.pdf [Accessed 2012]. Douglas McGregor, J. C.-G., 2006. The Human Side Of Enterprise. McGraw-Hill Professional. Herzberg, F., 1987. One More Time: How Do You Motivate EmployeesHBR, September. Katz, R., 1974. Skills of an Effective Administrator. Havard Business Review. Lindner, J. R., n.d. Understanding Employee Motivation. Journal Editorial Office. Malik, F., 2010. Productions and Operations Management. 1.1 ed. s.l.:s.n. Pat hargreaves, P. J., 2000. The human resource development handbook.Kogan Page Publishers. Schein, E. H., 1978. Career dynamics: matching individual and organizational needs. Addison-Wesley Pub. Co. Srivastava, M. Sinha, A. K., 2004. Individual Characteristic for Managerial Effectiveness in a Competitive Environment: An Exploration. Conference on Global Competition Competitiveness of Indian Corporate, pp. 119-131. Sutton, R. I. Ford, L. H., 1982. Problem-Solving Adequacy in Hospital Subunits. Human Relations, Volume 35, pp. 675-701. [1] http://books.google.com.pk/books/about/Career_dynamics.html?id=UyqB19IEM5gCredir_esc=y [2] http://www.joe.org/joe/1998june/rb3.php [3] http://books.google.com.pk/books/about/The_human_side_of_enterprise.html?id=0Td-U8yTjVECredir_esc=y [4] http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1744-6570.1987.tb00605.x/pdf How to cite Managerial and Personal Effectiveness in Human Resources Management, Essay examples

Applied Business Research & Ethics Structures of Human Body

Question: Discuss about theApplied Business Research EthicsforStructures of Human Body. Answer: Introduction The fundamental structures of human body are cells. It is considered to be an elaborate mass of various types of cells with definite function and organization into tissues to further form organs. The concept of the stem cells emerged in the 19th century, but the proper experimental procedure were not available at that time. The re-emergence of the term occurred after the nuclear bombings of 1945, when researches on the survivors of the incident began (Bonneuil and Brandt 2016). Stem cells are referred to as the cells that have the potentiality to develop into various different types of cells within the body. They are considered as repairing system of the body. The stem cells undergo infinite divisions and form various kinds of cells, this continues as long as the host body is alive. A stem cell after division either results in a stem cell or some other form of cell like brain cell, muscle cell or red cell. Stem cells can be categorized into pluripotent or multipotent stem cells. The former produces all kind of specialized cells but cannot produce an entire organism of their own .The later produce a specialized subset of cells but in smaller quantity. A stem cell line once is established remains immortal irrespective of the way it had been derived (Hou et al. 2013). In the present assignment, the pluripotent stem cells are considered as the selected research type for obtaining the stem cells as they have the ability to produce many cells and ensure quality and length of life. The various ethical and legal issues related to the use of the selected type of stem cells, unborn babies, pregnant women and the potential for further international spread of the Zika Virus will be addressed adequately. Selection of a Particular Research Type and Rationale The type of research to obtain stem cells should be such that the stem cell lines can produce multiple tissues of human body which helps in improvement of the quality of life and longevity. Stem cell therapies can prove to be a promising technique to devastate certain serious diseases. According to NIH, it is very crucial to carry out all types of research to come up with the best kind of stem cells (Ding et al. 2013). The chosen type of stem cell research is the embryonic pluripotent stem cell. This is so because choosing this type of research methodology will facilitate improvement in the quality of life and longevity as it has the potentiality to revolutionize the medical practices. Ethical and Legal Issues Related to Use of Stem Cells There are certain ethical and legal considerations in embryonic stem cell research. In the research studies, the embryos used for the purposes of conducting the experiments must meet the essential requirements in accordance with the laid guidelines of the Institutional Review Boards (IRBs) or such equivalent bodies (Li, Atkins and Bubela 2014).The regulatory guidelines must be followed especially when the parental donors have given prior consent for perusing the research. Hence, these are the important ethical components for stem cell research. The Human Embryonic Stem Cell (hESC) lines are derives from the cells that were either existing embryos or surplus embryos created for Artificial Reproductive Technique (ART), hence no longer required for reproductive purpose. Research that makes use of surplus embryos must meet guidelines of institutional review boards (IRBs) or equivalent bodies, especially in terms of prior informed consent of parental donors (Wagner et al. 2013). The Inter national Regulatory Landscape Regarding national policy of human embryo creation for the purposes of research investigated that, seventeen countries permitted derivation of hESC from surplus embryos. Among them, fifteen countries allowed the hESC creation for research purposes. They include Australia, Canada, Japan, China, and India and so on. These countries by their guidelines restricted the period for culturing of the created embryos to fourteenth day or at the time when the primitive streak is formed (Ishii, Pera and Greely 2013).The restrictions were quite justifiable as the formation of the primitive creature indicates the significance of life or initial stage of becoming a human being (Kass 2002). In some countries, proper justification regarding the necessity to create embryo for the study is mandatory for getting the permission for conducting the research work. In countries like Australia, India, Belgium, Israel, Singapore, South Korea, Japan, South Africa, Spain and the UK , a public consultation and authorization is required for creation of human embryo as per the law laid in these countries (de Miguel-Beriain 2015). It is also required in those countries to explain that the embryos used in studies are not surplus embryos that are ideally used for the techniques of invitro fertilization and hence undergo the review processes. In the countries where the creation of embryo is permissible for research studies, the method of therapeutic gene cloning by the use of somatic cell gene transfer is generally considered as a permitted technique for the research purposes. The other permitted techniques in various countries comprise of hESC derivations and parthenogenesis. In addition to them, in Australia a special kind of embryo called hybrid embryo is permitted to be used for the studies, in the UK and Singapore, cytoplasmic hybrids are used for the stated purpose. The countries like the UK, Belgium, Denmark, Canada and Japan, the research studies are permitte d that lead to the creation of human embryos for improving the Artificial Reproductive Technology (ART) or provide a newer set of helpful informations regarding the technique. According to the Australian Act, by the use of precursor cells present in the human embryos, there is a huge possibility for creation of the human embryos. The precursor cells can be considered as germ cells that are induced rather from human embryonic stem cells and not from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPCs). The guidelines of Japan permitted the creation of germ cells from human induced pluripotent stem cells, embryonic stem cells. However, the fertilization technique involving induced germ cells are prohibited now. In Australia, Canada, Belgium, Denmark and the UK, the researchers might be allowed for creation of the human embryo after necessary prior consultation and permission from appropriate regulatory bodies. The embryos are allowed for growth and development, kept under strict observation f or 14 days to the potential creating embryonic stem cells from induced germ cells. The federal funding is prohibited in the United States in cases where the research study results in destruction of the human embryonic cells or has the risk of being damaged. The researches that do not obtain federal funding, such laws and regulations are not applicable to them in the United States. The researches that do not obtain federal funding, such laws and regulations are not applicable to them in the United States. The individual statutes of the states influence the research studies. In California, Connecticut, Illinois, Iowa, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Jersey and New York, the statutes have good influence and encourage the researches with the embryonic cells of human, whereas the states like Michigan and Louisiana, the researches with human embryo is banned (Levine 2008).The researches that are not funded by the federals are allowed for using induced germ cells to create human embryos but i n doing so prior approval is required both from the local concerned authority as well as the Institutional review Board (IRB). The Judiciary system of Japan has special guidelines that permit the use of stem cells for human embryo creation. However a policy came into being in 2004 that banned the research works involving such stem cells as it was believed that the moral status of the fetus and human dignity is harmed by such actions (Walters 2004). There were certain exceptions in the laid policy that are already discussed. The utilization of germ cells that are derived from pluripotent hESC or iPSC are considered legal for research studies in some other countries while the others have strict inhibition for such actions. However, the countries need to reconsider their policies and guidelines regarding the use of such cells in research activities as they are believed to be a promising tool for combating various diseases. Irrespective of all the similarities and dissimilarities in the derivation method of the stem cells, all human embryos should e given the equal respect in terms of morality and ethics. The Legal and Ethical Issues Related to the Unborn Babies and the Pregnant Women Embryonic stem cell researches give rise to critical and major ethical issues as it requires use of human embryo for derivation of the stem cells upon destruction of the embryo. Hence, the moral status of an embryo is the main point of consideration in this regard. It had been argued that an embryo is actually a human being that is presently at its embryonic stage. Personhood, potentiality and human dignity are the important considerations in this context (Jaworska and Tannenbaum 2013). Personhood is the necessary condition for getting a status of being a person. It is often argued that at the early stage of pre-implantation, it does not contain any intellectual, physiological, psychological or emotional properties hence cannot be associated with personhood (Rudy 2015) Potentiality is yet another consideration in moral status of the fetus. It is agreeable that the embryo will grow and develop into an individual human being in normal course of time. It is also true that they have high attrition rate, many of them die and cannot develop into an individual human being. Hence, the moral argument is not decisive in this backdrop. Human dignity is another important part of moral status determination. The dignity should be maintained for all sorts of embryonic cells and considered as a living being that have the potential to grow into a human being. Hence, the research works must be done taking into such considerations that do not harm the morality issues (Rudy 2015). The use of supernumerary invitro fertilization embryos for the purpose of stem cell research is allowed in case the family has separated or all of them are or required for achieving pregnancy. The embryos that are not used immediately are stored in frozen conditions. They sometimes lead to their destruction which is considered unethical. There it necessitates an act for ensuring the proper utilization of the stored embryos. This initiated the Nothing is lost principle. It states that the supernumerary IVF embryos should not be allowed to simply get destroyed if not used for reproductive procedures; rather they should be used in research study to carry out necessary procedures (Hursthouse 2013). The principle of proportionality is another important consideration for the research purposes. It states that the embryos are not given the moral status of a complete human being but are considered to have moral values. These moral values must be respected and treated with regards to the high levels of morality (Andersson 2016). The non-invasive method for prenatal diagnosis is a newer technology that allows the testing of fetal genes during the first trimester by isolation of cell free fetal DNA from the mothers blood. This results in emergence of numerous ethical and legal issues. This is a non-invasive technique, hence is reliable and safe as compared to techniques like amniocentesis which is associated with high risk factor. The ethical issues become critical further in case the testing involves the whole genome sequencing (Dickens 2014). Potential for Further International Spread of Zika Virus Zika virus is spread by Aedes mosquitoes that are active during the day time. Zika fever is the infection caused by the virus (Malone et al. 2016). They are spread by the vector mosquitoes belonging to A.aegypti and A. albopictus. It was discovered 70 years age in the Uganda forest and isolated for the first time in the year 1947 (Sikka et al. 2016). It has been found that the Zika virus may spread from a pregnant mother to her fetus resulting in microcephaly, birth defects and malformations of brain. Series of experimental procedures involving cell lines from human and animals demonstrated that the virus has the capability to infect the nerve cells and hence called neurotropic. The ability to cross the placental membrane was further examined through a serious of tests involving amniotic fluids, placental membrane and fetal tissues. The Center for disease Control and Prevention (CDC) clearly stated that the Zika virus is the primary cause of microcephaly as per the current evidence ( Fiorentino and Montero 2016).However, the rate at which the transmission occurs from mother to fetal body is still not clear and thus requires further studies and experimentations. It is also associated with congenital and neurological impairments and is an international public concern (Madhukar et al. 2016). The 2015-2016 epidemic caused by Zika virus was prevalent over Southern America and Caribbean areas due to deficiency of knowledge regarding the underlying pathophysiological mechanism of the virus that were discovered in Uganda 70 years ago (Simonin et al. 2016). The evidences from the recent outbreak of Zika indicated that the infection has the capability to spread internationally and they establish new vectors for transmission. The emergency committee focused on the potential risk factors that are associated with the Olympic and Paralympic Games. It took close review of the informations and data that were provided by Brazil and Advisors that are specialized in arbovirus. The spreading of the disease was worldwide, travelling through the medicines, gatherings of masses and bioethics. Eventually, the committee came to the conclusion that there was a low risk of the international spread of the infection further. This was so because the Olympics and Paralympics would be hosted by Brazil. The games would be held during winters. In winter seasons the intensity of the transmission would be low. Moreover, the control measures for the vectors infectious transmission could be intensified near and around the locations where the events would be organized. This would ensure further reduction of the risk level (Lewnard, Gonsalves and Ko 2016). Recommendations It is recommended that the research methodology to obtain the stem cells must be such that they produce cells I larger number. It should also be taken into account that they are used for improving the ART or newer techniques. This would ensure quality life and increase the life span of human beings (Mizuno 2016). It is recommended that it should have ethical acceptability and eligibility for federal funding irrespective of the source of derivation of the cells; it should be taken care of that the prior consent of the concerned mothers and individuals donating the research materials are obtained and formally recorded. Moreover, it is recommended that there should be restriction in the sale of the embryos taking into account its ethical and moral aspects. The needs, benefits of use and demerits must be addressed well and the review of the entire procedure by the Institutional Review Board and local committees must be carried out subsequently. Conclusion It is concluded that stem cells have greater potentials to eliminate fatal diseases. They are the cells that have the capability to develop into various different types of cells within the body. They are considered as repairing system of the body. In this assignment the pluripotent stem cells are considered as the selected research type for obtaining the stem cells as they have the ability to produce many cells and ensure quality and length of life. The ethical and legal issues are important considerations for such types of research study. The moral status of the fetus is also taken into considerations. Some countries have lenient legislative guidelines, while others have strict prohibitions on use of embryonic cells. However, the policies need to be amended and reconsidered for the betterment of humans and eliminate devastating ailments. Irrespective of all the similarities and dissimilarities in the derivation method of the stem cells, all human embryos should be given the equal re spect in terms of morality and ethics. Hence the research should be carried out taking into account all the important considerations of ethical acceptability. References: Andersson, A.K.M., 2016. Challenging the principle of proportionality.Journal of medical ethics,42(4). Bonneuil, C. and Brandt, C., 2016. Heredity Explored: Between Public Domain and Experimental Science. de Miguel-Beriain, I., 2015. The ethics of stem cells revisited.Advanced drug delivery reviews,82. Dickens, B.M., 2014. Ethical and legal aspects of noninvasive prenatal genetic diagnosis.International Journal of Gynecology Obstetrics,124(2). Ding, Q., Regan, S.N., Xia, Y., Oostrom, L.A., Cowan, C.A. and Musunuru, K., 2013. Enhanced efficiency of human pluripotent stem cell genome editing through replacing TALENs with CRISPRs.Cell stem cell,12(4). Fiorentino, D.G. and Montero, F.J., 2016. The Zika Virus and Pregnancy.Current Obstetrics and Gynecology Reports,5(3). Hou, P., Li, Y., Zhang, X., Liu, C., Guan, J., Li, H., Zhao, T., Ye, J., Yang, W., Liu, K. and Ge, J., 2013. Pluripotent stem cells induced from mouse somatic cells by small-molecule compounds.Science,341(6146). Hursthouse, R., 2013. Moral Status.The International Encyclopedia of Ethics. Ishii, T., Pera, R.A.R. and Greely, H.T., 2013. Ethical and legal issues arising in research on inducing human germ cells from pluripotent stem cells.Cell Stem Cell,13(2). Jaworska, A. and Tannenbaum, J., 2013. The grounds of moral status. Kass, L.R., 2002.Human cloning and human dignity: The report of the President's Council on Bioethics. PublicAffairs. Levine, A.D., 2008. Policy considerations for states supporting stem cell research: evidence from a survey of stem cell scientists.Public Administration Review,68(4). Lewnard, J.A., Gonsalves, G. and Ko, A.I., 2016. Low risk for international Zika virus spread due to the 2016 Olympics in Brazil.Annals of internal medicine. Li, M.D., Atkins, H. and Bubela, T., 2014. The global landscape of stem cell clinical trials.Regenerative medicine,9(1). Madhukar, G.V., Bhausaheb, D.K., Babasaheb, K.K., Tukaram, D.R. and Balkrishna, S.S., 2016. ZIKA VIRUS INFECTION: AN OVERVIEW. Malone, R.W., Homan, J., Callahan, M.V., Glasspool-Malone, J., Damodaran, L., Schneider, A.D.B., Zimler, R., Talton, J., Cobb, R.R., Ruzic, I. and Smith-Gagen, J., 2016. Zika virus: medical countermeasure development challenges.PLoS Negl Trop Dis,10(3). Mizuno, H., 2016. Recommended Ethical Safeguards on Fertilization of Human Germ Cells Derived from Pluripotent Stem Cells Solely for Research Purposes.Stem Cell Reviews and Reports. Rudy, B., 2015. Embryonic Stem Cell Research, the Ethics, and the Alternatives. Sikka, V., Chattu, V.K., Popli, R.K., Galwankar, S.C., Kelkar, D., Sawicki, S.G., Stawicki, S.P. and Papadimos, T.J., 2016. The emergence of zika virus as a global health security threat: A review and a consensus statement of the INDUSEM Joint working Group (JWG).Journal of global infectious diseases,8(1). Simonin, Y., Loustalot, F., Desmetz, C., Foulongne, V., Constant, O., Fournier-Wirth, C., Leon, F., Mols, J.P., Goubaud, A., Lemaitre, J.M. and Maquart, M., 2016. Zika Virus Strains Potentially Display Different Infectious Profiles in Human Neural Cells.EBioMedicine. Wagner, A.M., Krenger, W., Holzgreve, W., Brkli, P. and Surbek, D.V., 2013. Use of human embryonic stem cells and umbilical cord blood stem cells for research and therapy: a prospective survey among health care professionals and patients in Switzerland.Transfusion,53(11). Walters, L., 2004. Human embryonic stem cell research: an intercultural perspective.Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal,14(1).

Are The Ethics of Business a Concern for The Auditing Function

Question: Are the ethics of business a concern for the auditing function?Discuss the ethical requirements relating to the audit of a financial report as detailedwithin the current set of auditing standards.Define Audit quality and detail steps on how increasing audit quality can address the audit expectation gap.Management has responsibility for prep ing the financial statements albeit part of the auditors role is to ensure that they comply with generally acceptable accounting principles (GAAP). In light of the following pictures discuss GAAP and how these principles can and are audited. Answer: Role of ethics in the function of audit The auditors and the professional accountants have to follow the sound code of ethics that have been established internationally by the International Ethics Standards Board for Accountants or IESBA. The conceptual framework of an audit is set on the following: Integrity Objectivity Professional competence Due care Confidentiality Professional behaviour The code of ethics illustrates as to what is expected in the profession form the professionals. The existence of awareness sis just not enough. The audit firms and the setter of the standards are engaged continuously so as to expand the knowledge base of the professional staff.Accounting and auditing are the 2 most complex and technical processes. When compared with ethics, it is considered to be the simplest form. The main point in ethics is knowing what is required to be done and knowing how to needs to be done. For ethics to be persistent, there must be an existence of the following traits: Truthfulness Honesty Care Loyalty Integrity There is a need to attract decent people into the professional so the following of the ethics could be made sure of.The Accountants come across the times when face the conflicts of upholding the values that are central to their profession and demands that exits in this world. There are some competing demands that speaks of the profession in contrast to having a simple job or performing a function. The professional are expected to exercise their judgement and experience that they have gathered during their tenure to perform their roles so that when the ways and the road gets challenging, they do not resort to the ways that could lose their judgement and the faith of the public. This will only bring disrepute to the profession. Objectivity Professional competence Due care Confidentiality Professional behaviour Integrity So that the faith in the profession is not lost. There are times when an auditor may be put under the pressure and face the difficult situations. These challenges may go on to revolve around the ethics, commercial pressures and the burden of regulation. Code of ethics in auditing The code of ethics is applicable on both the entities as well as on the individuals that perform the function of auditing.In order to ensure that the requirements of the ethical standards are followed, there is an independent standard setting body that serves the public by setting the robust and internationally appropriate standards of the ethics and includes the independence of the auditor for the professional accountants worldwide. This is also known by the name of the Ethics board, The International Ethics Standards Board for Accountants. The code of ethics revolve around the following principles: Integrity: this means that the auditors must ensure a degree of trust and provide basis for their reliance on their judgement. The auditors are expected to be straight forward, honest and fair in all their professional commitments. Any person who acts with honesty and truthfulness and his actions are not influenced by anyone or by any act of the others, are described as having an integrity. Objectivity: this means that the auditors are required to exercise their highest level of degree, professional objectivity while gathering, communicating the desired information about the activity or the processes that are being examined. The auditors are required to make a balanced assessment of all the relevant circumstances that are not influenced by their own interests or other while framing their judgements. Objectivity means as to not allowing the bias, conflict of interest and not coming under the undue influence of the others. The main idea behind this is the fact that when a person is influenced by the others, then he may end up in making wrong judgements. Confidentiality: the auditors have to respect the value and must make sure that no piece of information is disclosed that they have gathered during their period of employment. They must adhere to this but an exception to this is when they are required to divulge the details in order to comply with the legal obligation. This means that no information must be disclosed unless and until it is either permitted by the entity, required by law or is permitted or is required by the professional right. Competency: they are required to apply their knowledge, skills and experience while dealing with their assignment. Adequate professional competence and due care must be exercised so that the high level of expertise could be offered to the client. And to make sure that the entity receives the services of the competent professional services that are in line and in conformity with the latest developments in the practice and the legislations and techniques. They must act due diligently and work in accordance with the technical aspects and the professional standards. As per the Auditing standard 102, Compliance with Ethical Requirements when Performing Audits, Reviews and Other Assurance Engagements too, the following are the fundamental principles of the professional ethics and the whole idea of professional ethics revolve around the same: Objectivity Professional competence Due care Confidentiality Professional behaviour Integrity The auditor independence is defined as the following of the integrity and an objective approach in the process of audit. Definition of audit quality The quality of an audit is defined as the meeting of the expectation of the investors of producing an independent and reliable audits and communicate robust communications on: Financial statements and this includes the related disclosures Assurances about the internal controls Warnings on the going concerns. The expectation gap is defined as the difference that exists between the levels of the performance that is expected as has been visioned by the independent accountant and by the users of the financial statements.The expectation is said to have the following components:Reasonableness gap: this is the gap between to what the society expects the auditors to achieve and what the auditors reasonably expect the auditors to accomplishPerformance gap: this is the gap that exists between what the society reasonably expects the auditors to accomplish and what the auditors perceive to achieve. An audit committee will go on play a very important role when helping the management so as to align the management and the board when it comes to mitigating the risks that are really important.This role has also gained momentum because some of the stakeholders of the company have elevated the expectations of the board so as to reduce or eliminate the risks that are most critical, fraud.The establishment of the audit committee is very important and will come into play when the management will fail to respond to the recommendations of the audit. The following are the main reasons behind the failure of the auditor to identify the red flags: Over reliance of the auditor on the representations made by the client Lack of awareness and recognition on the conditions that are observable that indicates the fraud Lack of experience Existence of the personal relationships with the clients Lack of the desire to know The failure to brainstorm the potential fraud schemes and the scenarios. The gap is expectation is usually driven by the variables such as the ability of the auditor to detect fraud and the ability of the efforts made by the auditor to detect frauds. An auditor does have the required skills and the experience that could help him in the detection of the fraud but he prefers to undertake the shortcuts in order to detect the fraud.Or in other cases, the auditor may have an access to the variety of the techniques that could help him in the uncovering of the red flags but he is unable to do so since he may lack the relevant experience.In such cases, the following are the ways that could help him in covering the expectation gap: Training and awareness Brainstorming Interviewing skills Discussing the various points with the management Meaning of GAAP and audit practices that could be followed in order to ensure the truthfulness of the management GAAP is the set of the broad and the specific guidelines that the companies must follow when the information has to be measured and reported in the financial statements and the related notes.It is the duty of the management to prepare the financial statements and it is the duty of the auditor to assess that the management has prepared the financial statements with the utmost reliability.SOX requires that the management must give in writing that they have prepared the financial statements.The following are few of the areas that could be examined: Existence of the accounts and the information: this could include the information like as to what is included in the accounts and whether inventory exists in all the locations where the amounts have been indicated. Whether the data is complete: it must be ascertained whether all the transactions have been recorded during the year. For example, whether all the legal expense that have been incurred have been duly recorded in the financial statements or has the firm forgotten to take the same into account. Value that the company owns: what is the value of the assets and the liabilities that the company owns and owes to the outsiders? In order to illustrate this, the value of the real estate, buildings, loans that the company owns and owes to the outsiders. The rights and the obligations of the company: the rights and the obligations of the company. This could include the title, the obligations that are owed to the outsiders at any given point of time. There are sometimes legal rights such as the rights of the leased assets that are required to be capitalised in the books of accounts of the lessee. This takes place even when the legal tile remains with the lessor. Disclosure of the information: the balances in the books of accounts must not only be adequately measured but must be described and disclosed. For example, the trade receivables, the advances that are given to the employees, the loans that are given to them and the loans that are extended to the related parties. But the presentation of the individual characteristics of the transactions on the business are very different.The audit procedures that are usually followed by the management involve the testing of the system, the testing of the transactions, the reviewing of the confirmation, the observing of the physical inventory, making the inquiries as and when the questions arises. The audit report hen produced will indicate as to whether the financial statements have been prepared in accordance with the GAAP and whether they represent the true and a fair financial position of the company or not. In order to indicate the fairness of the financial statements, the auditors may include the qualified or a modified opinion that would state the aspects of the report when they are different from the requirements of GAAP. References Comlaw.gov.au, (2015). ASA 102 - Compliance with Ethical Requirements when Performing Audits, Reviews and Other Assurance Engagements - October 2009. Highered.mheducation.com, (2015). The Development of Financial Accounting and Reporting Standards. Icaew.com, (2015). Auditor independence | Ethics | Technical | ICAEW. Ifac.org, (2015). IESBA | International Ethics Standards Board for Accountants Ifac.org, (2015). Roles and Importance of Professional Accountants in Business Nysscpa.org, (2015). Reducing the Expectation Gap. Oag-bvg.gc.ca, (2012). 1031 Ethical Requirements Relating to an Assurance Engagement. Oapen.org, (2015). Professional ethics. pcaobus.org, (2015). DISCUSSION AUDIT QUALITY INDICATORS. Researchgate.net, (2015). Research Gate. www.pli.edu, (2015). GAAP. www.professionsforgood.com, (2015). Ethics, Trust and Auditing Conceptualizing a Tripartite Framework. www.pwc.com, (2015). How to close the expectation gap related to fraud prevention? Try enhancing the IA brand.