North-South Divide - 1613 Words

The North-South Divide (or Rich-Poor Divide[citation needed]) is a socio-economic and political division that exists between the wealthy developed countries, known collectively as the North, and the poorer developing countries (least developed countries), or the South.[1] Although most nations comprising the North are in fact located in the Northern Hemisphere (with the notable exceptions of Australia and New Zealand), the divide is not wholly defined by geography. The North is home to four out of five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council and all members of the G8. The North mostly covers the West and the First World, with much of the Second World. The expression North-South divide is still in common use, but†¦show more content†¦On an ideological level, some development geographers have argued that current concentration on the North-South divide as the main organizing principle for understanding the world economy has overlooked the role of inter-imperial conflicts between the United States, Japan, and Europe.[5]. [edit]Defining development Being categorized as part of the â€Å"North† implies development as opposed to belonging to the â€Å"South† which implies a lack thereof. The north becomes synonymous with economic development and industrialization while the South represents the previously colonized countries which are in need of help in the form of international aid agendas [6] In order to understand how this divide occurs, a definition of â€Å"development† itself is needed. The Dictionary of Human Geography defines development as â€Å"[p]rocesses of social change or [a change] to class and state projects to transform national economies.[7] This definition entails an understanding of economic development which is imperative when trying to understand the north-south divide. Economic Development is a measure of progress in a specific economy. It refers to advancements in technology, a transition from an economy based largely on agriculture to one based on industry and an improvement in living standards.[8][9] Other factors that are included in the conceptualization of what a developed country is include life expectancy and theShow MoreRelatedThe Global North/South Divide1724 Words   |  7 PagesA descriptive essay on the Globla North/South divide. Explores the social, cuptural and economic differences that exist between the regions defined as the global north and the global south. The theory of the Global North and Global South is a new geopolitical perspective. It divides the world into two blocs – the industrialized countries of the global North and the poor countries of the South on the global level of analysis. While â€Å"Global South† is sometimes used as a synonym for the more familiarRead More Antebellum Slavery: The Great North-South Divide781 Words   |  4 Pagesperiod began, the American Nation was divided into the North and South by many issues but most economic issues arising from western expansion and slavery. While the North had abolished slavery, the South insisted on slavery for the cultivation of their cash crops especially cotton. The south had religious and racial justifications for the institution of slavery and even went so far as to proclaim slavery was for the slave’s own benefit. The North, motivated by the second Great Awakening however, hadRead MoreCritical Analysis Of The North South Divide In Italy1702 Words   |  7 PagesThey begin to show the deficits of the system by introducing the North-South Divide in Italy, wherein those who live in the south of the country tended to be less positive about the state of their country and their regional syste m. This was true in discussions about public satisfaction, and from councillors themselves where in the north was consistently more optimistic about the state of the regional system, even though all preferred the regional system to the former national one. Though talks aboutRead MoreHow Did the Indsutrial Development Unite or Divide the North and the South?1434 Words   |  6 Pagesindustrial and technological development. Both the North and the South created many advances in railroad and water transportation. The Union, however, was far more advanced technologically than the Confederate states . Consequently, the North made greater and more effective use of progress in weapons, communication, transportation and medicine than South . Although the industrial development made the nation very widely known, both the south and the north were divided because their differences. The CivilRead MoreThe Election Of 1848 And Emerging Sectional Divide Between The North And The South Over The Issue Of Slavery1708 Words   |  7 PagesSemester Long Research Paper The election of 1848 revealed and emerging sectional divide between the north and the south over the issue of slavery. The was the 16th presidential election held on November 7, 1848. Zachary Taylor, who was a member of the Whig party won over Martin Van Buren of the free soil party. Slavery was defined as a legal or economic system in which principles of property law were applied to humans allowing them to be classified as property, to be owned, bought and sold accordinglyRead MoreSummary of Industrial Convergence, Globalization, and the Persistence of the North-South Divide by Arrighi, G,. Silver, J, B,. and Brewer, D, B,. (2003)1418 Words   |  6 Pagesthe Persistence of the North-South Divide. Studies in Comparative International Development. p.3-31 Through the use of descriptive and comparative analysis, the authors intend on demonstrating that the convergence of the industrialization gap was not accompanied by a convergence in the income levels gap between former First World and Third World countries. Thus, the North-South divide still exists. Through economic models, the persistence of the North-South income divide is explained. SimultaneouslyRead MoreThe Global Divide Essay1465 Words   |  6 Pagesread further, you will see how globalization and the north- south global divide play a key role in our nation’s economy. From the wars on European soil and increasing poverty in Africa, to the booming technological abilities in Japan, this one word will be an understatement to all things to come. I’ll explain how the global divide started and how globalization plays a key role in the world’s own destructive nature. As the gap between the two divides grows further and further apart, the one questionRead MoreTh e Annexation Of Texas And The United States928 Words   |  4 Pagesshould be done with the new found territory. Whether it was people of the north looking to prevent another slave state from acquiring statehood, or slave owning people of the south trying to gain leverage in the House of Representatives, people had differing opinions on the topic of Texas. The debate over Texas acquiring statehood was representative of the divide between North and South that led to Civil War in the U.S. In the North, many people didn’t want Texas to become a state, therefore were againstRead MoreThe United States Essay1243 Words   |  5 PagesOcean. This time period would become known as Manifest Destiny. Over the five decades that Manifest Destiny lasted politics and the government changed along with the geographic face of the United States while the country expand to cover most of North America. Of these political changes, the death of the Federalists, birth of the Whigs and reformation of the Democratic party were among the most prominent. However an underlying conflict began to progress with each new purchase and acquisition ofRead MoreCauses Of The Civil War1740 Words   |  7 Pagesconflicts kept creating a divide amongst the states in the nation. The divide finally became so great, that the United States split into the Confederacy (South) and the Union (North), and fighting erupted. â€Å" â€Å"The Civil War,† Randall Jimerson observes, â€Å"became a to tal war involving the entire population precisely because both sides fought for ideological principles. Compromise and surrender were unthinkable when so much was at stake.† †(Finseth, 16). The root of the cause for the divide was slavery, but there

Investigational New Drug Review Process Free Essays

INVESTIGATIONAL NEW DRUG REVIEW PROCESS Investigational New Drug Review Process Prashanth Kumar Ponugoti Northeastern University INVESTIGATIONAL NEW DRUG REVIEW PROCESS Abstract Investigational New Drug (IND) review process begins from the time the sponsor files investigation new drug application and the purpose of the review is to confirm the safety and efficacy of the patient for the drug. Moreover in the process of review if the review committee notifies any deficiencies by the new drug then there will be a clinical however if there are no deficiencies the drug will be approved for new drug application and will be under continuous review to make sure , that the drug does not cause any potential harm. This entire step wise process of review is explained in the following paper INVESTIGATIONAL NEW DRUG REVIEW PROCESS The following flow chart gives an overview of the IND review process Applicant (Drug Sponsor) IND Review by CDER Statistical Pharmacology/ Toxicology Medical Chemistry Sponsor Submits New Data Safety Review Safety acceptable for study to proceed Clinical Hold Decision Notify Sponsor Complete reviews Reviews Complete and Acceptable? Sponsor Notified of Deficiencies No Deficiencies Study Ongoing INVESTIGATIONAL NEW DRUG REVIEW PROCESS I. We will write a custom essay sample on Investigational New Drug Review Process or any similar topic only for you Order Now Applicant (Drug sponsor): An applicant or the sponsor is a person or a group who takes responsibility and initiates for the investigation of new drug. A person other than an individual that uses one or more of its own employees to conduct an investigation that it has initiated is a sponsor. The sponsor may be an individual, partnership, government agency, private agency, or any other organization and moreover the sponsor does not conduct the investigation process unless the sponsor is a sponsor-investigator. The applications are submitted to Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER) Food and Drug Administration Document and Records Section 5901-B Ammendale Rd. Beltsville, Md. 20705-1266 II. Investigational New Drug Application: Sponsor thinks about new drug application when he has a successful results in preclinical studies (The studies conducted in animals to find the use of drug in human and ensure safety and efficacy) in other words it is the step taken after the successful preclinical studies to continue further studies that is clinical trial in humans. During the conduct of preclinical trial, step by step information of the process is recorded as data and stored. Thus stored information is helpful in filling an IND. The information is as follows A. Animal Pharmacology and toxicology studies B. Manufacturing Information C. Clinical protocols and investigators information Animal Pharmacology and toxicology studies: The studies conducted in animals to ensure the use of the product is reasonably safe for initial testing in humans. Manufacturing Humans: This is the information obtained from manufacturing, storage, composition, storage and stability, for manufacturing of drug substance and product. Clinical protocols and investigators information: protocols for proposed clinical studies to assess whether the initial-phase trials will expose subjects to unnecessary risks. Information on the qualifications of clinical investigators—professionals who oversee the administration of the experimental compound–to assess whether they are qualified to fulfill their clinical trial duties. The IND is not a marketing approval but The IND is the means through which the sponsor officially obtains this exemption from the FDA: however, its main intention is to detail the data that provide documentation that it is indeed reasonable to proceed with certain human trials with the drug. Types of INDs i. Investigator INDs ii. Emergency Use INDs and iii. Treatment IND After the submission of the IND to the Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER) committee it checks thoroughly the medical, chemistry, toxicological, and statistical data INVESTIGATIONAL NEW DRUG REVIEW PROCESS These terms are explained below in detail III. Medical Review: Medical also called as clinical review is conducted by medical officers or physicians to ensure the initial use of the drug in patients and are safe to use . This review is also conducted by the non medical officers based upon the data available from the re clinical studies. Medical review plays a major role in new drug review process and is an initiating step for the test of the drug in humans: however it is an important step to be conducted and based upon the results obtained from the review it has a further scope to apply for next steps that is to file new drug application. During this review process the medical reviewers or physicians evaluate the clinical trial protocol for to determine A. If the participants will be protected from unnecessary risks; and B. If the study design will provide data relevant to the safety and effectiveness of the drug. However the safety of the drug is taken by the sponsor during the phase I studies but during phase II, III, and IV Food and Drug Administration (FDA) must also ensure the safety of the medicament in humans for market approval. IV. Chemistry Review: Each review committee has an chemistry review department for reviewing the chemistry of the drug and the agenda of this chemistry department is to address issues related to drug identity, manufacturing control, and analysis. The reviewing committee ensures that the investigational new drug is adequately reproducible and stable. If the drug is neither adequately reproducible nor stable then the chances of approval for IND are less because they are not sure about the drugs action in the body, and don’t know what it does. So the major purpose of chemistry review is i. To ensure that the compound is adequately reproducible ii. To ensure that the compound is adequately stable In addition to this the sponsor should discuss any manufacturing and chemistry differences between the drug product proposed for the clinical use and drug product used in animal toxicology studies. However these differences might affect the safety profile of the drug product and need to be stated if there are no differences. V. Pharmacology or Toxicology Review: This committee is a group of pharmacologists and toxicologists who evaluate the results of animal testing made during the clinical trial and compare it with the potential effects in humans. That is to ensure safety of the humans for the new drug. i. Pharmacology and Drug Distribution (21 CFR 312. 23(a)(8)(I)): This is nothing but absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion of the drug in the animals. These results should be obtained by conducting them in animals, so it should be recorded with an example. Moreover this should not be a reason for the clinical hold because these rae the studies conducted in phase one of the IND and where FDA feels it as sponsor great responsibility factor for the drug in achieving safety and efficacy to the humans. ii. Toxicology Data (21 CFR 312. 23(a)(8)(ii)(a)): INVESTIGATIONAL NEW DRUG REVIEW PROCESS Toxicology data is required from both vitro and vivo studies, because particular studies depend upon nature of the drug and phase of human investigation. VI. Safety Review: After submission of the IND to the CDER then the committee takes about good 30 days to conduct review in every factor to achieve safety and efficacy and to avoid potential harm to the human. The review is an ongoing process however CDER notifies the sponsor immediately if there are any potential high risks associated with the drug upon usage in humans. If a notification is sent to sponsor then it is clear that the application is put on hold and the sponsor should conduct enough studies to clear the hold. This hold will be removed and allows the sponsor for further studies only when changes made to the clinical hold achieve the safety and efficacy and does not case potential risks. If the sponsor is not notified with any information from CDER from the day of IND submission to the 30 th day then on the 31st- day further study can be proceeded as submitted. VII. Clinical Hold Decision: The Clinical hold is issued in during the thirty day review period and this is due to the following factors 1. The drug causes potential harm to the humans 2. If drug is not having enough stability 3. The IND does not contain sufficient information required under 312. 23 to assess the risks to subjects of the proposed studies 4. The plan or protocol for the investigation is clearly deficient in design to meet its stated objectives. And CDER can hold the studies during the initial phases of the studies that is when filed for IND if observes potential risks on the data submitted initially. The Clinical hold will be removed if the sponsor addresses the issue based on the hold before the order is removed. In addition the clinical holds are reviewed by higher authorities of CDER to assure scientific quality and consistency in the Center’s clinical hold decisions. IX. Notify Sponsor: X. Sponsor Notified of Deficiencies XI. Study Ongoing Xii. Conclusion†¦.. Page 17 and page 18 lo matter unnnadhi †¦ use gooogle search for material if required and provide the refrence where ever u grab the material†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Refrences: http://www. accessdata. fda. gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfcfr/CFRSearch. cfm? fr=312. 42 http://www. fda. gov/downloads/AboutFDA/CentersOffices/CDER/ManualofPoliciesProcedures/ucm082022. pdf How to cite Investigational New Drug Review Process, Essays

Bordetella Pertussis free essay sample

In 1906 two Belgian bacteriologists, Jules Bordet and Octave Gengou first discovered Bordetella pertussis, what is known today as the whooping cough, by isolating it in pure culture. They distinguished the whopping cough agent from the respiratory tract of children (Jules Bordet). B. pertussis is a very small, prokaryotic, coccoid bacterium, which does not make endospores. It is a gram negative bacterium which means the cell structure contains an outer membrane, an inner membrane, and a thin peptidoglycan layer. It metabolizes through aerobic respiration, is nonmotile and an encapsulated microorganism. It appears either in pairs or singly, cannot survive in the environment and only reside in human hosts, where it usually appears in the trachea and the bronchi. B. pertussis produces several virulence factors. These include pertussis toxin, which is secreted in the cell and extracellular fluid, and filamentous hemagglutinin, which is a â€Å"fimbrial-like structure on the bacterial surface† (Todar). B. pertussis is nutritionally fastidious meaning it has complex growing requirements, and is difficult to grow without specialized media. We will write a custom essay sample on Bordetella Pertussis or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It requires special growth factors and may not grow on routine media, although it has been found that the organism grows better on a media that has a slightly acidic pH. Growth of this organism is restrained by its own waste as well as heavy metals, peroxides, sulfides, and fatty acids. To neutralize any inhibitory substances and absorb toxic metabolites this organism is often grown on media with rich concentrations of blood, or charcoal. (Pertussis. ). Two different solid cultures that are used in growing B. pertussis are Bordet-Gengou agar (BGA) and Regan-Lowe agar (RLA). Bordet- Gengou agar contains potato starch and is peptone free, also an inhibitory substance. It also contains glycerol as a stabilizer, and an antibiotic, such as penicillin, to restrain gram positive organisms from growing, although the antibiotic may slightly restrain B. pertussis itself. Another method of growing B. pertussis is on Regan-Lowe agar. This agar is a charcoal based solid with defibrinated horse blood. (Ahmad). The charcoal helps absorb waste products and toxins. This charcoal agar has become more popular in laboratories because, â€Å"of the ease of its preparation and its superiority in growing B. ertussis by absorbing the toxic metabolites of the organism† (Ahmad 1071). B. pertussis grows quite slowly and it best grows when it is incubated at 35 ° to 37 ° C in a humid or moist environment for about 3 to 6 days. It grows as a mercury colored droplets with domed colonies. B. pertussis is a worldwide occurrence that causes a highly contagious acute infectio us disease called â€Å"whooping cough† which resides in the upper air pathways such as the bronchi and trachea, and appears on epithelial cilia of respiratory tract. A â€Å"whoop† is a â€Å"high-pitched noise heard when breathing in after a coughing spasm† (CDC). The first outbreaks were described in the 16th century but it was not until 1906 that it was discovered. it is a much more milder disease in adults than it is in infants, in which it can be very severe and frequent, and it was not until the 1930’s that immunization was discovered. B. pertussis is contracted through aerosol droplets from person to person, which are either sneezed or coughed in the air by the infected person. The bacteria then â€Å"attaches to the cilia of the respiratory epithelial cells, produce toxins that paralyze the cilia, and cause inflammation of the respiratory tract, which interferes with the clearing of pulmonary secretions† (Pertussis). After seven to ten days of the incubation period of the bacteria the first stage of the infection appears. This stage lasts anywhere from one to two weeks and is called the catarrhal phase. In this phase the infected person experiences cold like symptoms such as runny nose, fever, mild cough, and sneezing. After about another week or so the cough slowly becomes more severe and the second phase of the disease presumes: the paroxysmal phase. Only during this phase can the diagnosis of whooping cough actually be claimed. The cough appears at various intervals where one may become cyanotic, turn blue, and may result in vomiting due to mucus buildup on the tracheobronchial tree. If the cough is long enough an infant may go into hypoxia, which is a state where there is a reduced amount of oxygen, and further lead to seizure. In result other symptoms include dehydration, weight loss, and potentially anorexia. The last phase is called the convalescent phase meaning gradual recovery phase. The cough becomes less severe and disappears within a few weeks. (Pertussis ). â€Å"In 2004 through 2008 a total of 111 deaths from pertussis were reported to the CDC†. ( Pertussis). Pertussis toxin is an exotoxin that is produced during the infection and is the major cause of the abnormal cough. It causes T cell lymphocytosis, increased IgE synthesis, hyperglycemia, increased endotoxin sensitivity, and impairs NK cell killing. This results in the accumulation of large amounts of cAMP which leads to increased mucus secretion and interferes with many cellular functions† (Ghaffer). Other virulence factors include filamentous hemagglutinin, pertactin, and fimbriae. These are adhesions that allow the bacterium to attach to the glycolipids on the membrane of ciliated epithelial cells of the respiratory cells. (CD C). Precautions to take in order to prevent pertussis are getting vaccinated, as early as 6 weeks old, with the diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis vaccine, good hygiene, and covering the mouth when sneezing or coughing. Antibiotics are used to treat the disease. In 2010, 27,550 cases of whooping cough in the United States have been reported to the CDC. Worldwide there are up to 50 million cases and over 300,000 deaths that have been reported. Whooping cough may not sound like a severe disease but if people go untreated and unvaccinated, especially people in less developed countries, it could become fatal, especially to infants and younger children, whose immune systems are not as strong. Therefore, it is important that as many people are aware of this disease and do not go unvaccinated or untreated.

Lockes Political Philosophy an Example of the Topic Government and Law Essays by

Lockes Political Philosophy In the Second Treatise of Government Locke justifies revolt against the state if the state rules without the consent of the people whom it governs: "They, who remove, or change the legislative, take away this decisive power, which no body can have, but by the appointment and consent of the people." (Sec. 227) According to Locke, the commonwealth and the laws with the help which it rules were established by the agreement of people who lived in a "state of nature". First of all, it is important to understand what a "state of nature" is. It is a situation in which people live insulated or in family groups, but not in a community, they do not interact nor collaborate with each other to provide for their every-day needs or to protect themselves from predators. In other words, "state of nature" is what human life could have been like without laws. Need essay sample on "Locke's Political Philosophy" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed According to Locke in the state of nature all human beings are free and equal: " [what] state all men are naturally in, and that is, a state of perfect freedom to order their actions [A] state also of equality, wherein all the power and jurisdiction is reciprocal, no one having more than another;" (Sec.4) People Often Tell Us: I'm not in the mood to write my essay. Because I don't have the time Essay writer professionals suggest: Find Brilliant Papers For Sale Here Nevertheless, they are not free to do anything they wish, because of the 'law of nature', arranged by God and in compliance to which they must live. The 'law of nature' states that if a human being's freedom is violated by another human being the former is empowered to get restoration from the disturber. Correspondingly, if a part of his property is stolen he has a right to try to get it back from the thief. If a man attempts to kill him, he has the right to fight back in self-defence, if necessary killing the attacker. Encroachment upon anyone's liberty in the state of nature is regarded as an act of 'war' upon the victim, and the victim has the right to revenge: "And in the case, and upon this ground, EVERY MAN HATH A RIGHT TO PUNISH THE OFFENDER, AND BE EXECUTIONER OF THE LAW OF NATURE" (Sec.8). It became apparent that such 'state of nature' causes numerous "inconveniences" for human beings who live in it. For example, physically weak individuals are going to encounter difficulties in finding provision of food and home; and, moreover, if some stronger person decides to infringe the liberty of a weaker one, the latter will find it difficult to gain satisfaction from the disturber and thus keep up to the law of nature. The situation for the strong is not necessarily much safer as far as the weaker could assemble together to rob them of their property or kill them. On the other hand, the strong, may still take advantage of the assistance the weak can provide them in some situations, for example, if they have acquired more land than they and their families can tend. That is why, as Locke asserts, people in the state of nature decided that their interests would be better regarded if they appeared together as a people to organize a society. In this society they would be able cooperate to satisfy their needs and consequently avoid the 'inconveniences' of the state of nature. So that not to break the law of nature by themselves the members of this society would establish the commonwealth, that is an institution to administer the law and create new laws to meet new cases. Thus the people in this way confide the protection of their natural liberties to the commonwealth. Another point to consider is that division of labour to provide food is acknowledged to be more effective than simply caring for oneself. Theoretically, Locke suggests that the liberties of the individual, namely the law of nature will be more efficiently upheld by the commonwealth and its laws than by the individuals themselves. However, the authority to rule the society is granted to the commonwealth by the consent of the people governed by this commonwealth. For this purpose, a contract has been agreed between the commonwealth and the governed people to the effect that the people will obey the commonwealth on condition it upholds the law, which serves to protect the interests and liberties of the people governed by the commonwealth. The people consent to be governed by the commonwealth if its representatives impose the laws and thus protect the liberties of the people. So the contract is a bilateral pledge that both parties undertake obligation to uphold. A violation of this contract on the side of the ruled people, i.e. lawbreaking, is punished by the commonwealth: "and punishes those offences which any member hath committed against the society, with such penalties as the law has established" (Sec. 87). If the commonwealth breaks its side of the agreement, for example if it fails to fulfil its obligation to protect the liberty of the community and expropriate the property of citizens when they have not violated the law, or if it takes any another illegal actions, this constitutes for Locke a declaration of war by the commonwealth on the citizens and thus an infringement of their liberty. "and so they putting themselves into a state of war with those who made them the protectors and guardians of their peace, are properly, and with the greatest aggravation, rebellantes, rebels" (Sec 227). The commonwealth has thereby voided the original agreement with the citizens because it has acted as if it were back in the state of nature. The citizen whose liberty has been infringed therefore is entitled to attempt to recover his right. In more serious cases when the commonwealth turns into a tyranny, and disrespects all protests expressed by the majority of the citizens, and all legal and peaceful attempts to discourage the commonwealth from acting tyrannically have been unsuccessful, the people are justified, according to Locke, to raise rebellion against the commonwealth and replace the existing government or monarch with one that will obey the during its governing. However, some controversy with Locke's account arises around his concept of consent. Exclusively, the original parties to the contract that founded the commonwealth are empowered to express consent to the agreement that established the commonwealth. Successors of the original contracting parties are not usually asked for their consent, such consent seems to be taken for granted. But if they have never given their consent to the commonwealth, how can they be obligated to obey this commonwealth, let alone if it acts tyrannically? Locke's answer to this objection is his concept of tacit consent. "Tacit consent is incurred," according to Locke, "by anyone who voluntarily takes advantage of the resources of the country" (Sec. 201). One's physical presence in the country's territory is a sufficient condition for being held in this way to have consented tacitly. Citizens, he argues, are free to leave the commonwealth in which they live. If they do not do so, this is because they consent to the state tacitly, even thought not expressly. They make use of the advantages that the commonwealth has provided; therefore they accept the commonwealth. "There is a common distinction of an express and a tacit consent, which will concern our present case. No body doubts but an express consent, of any man entering into any society, makes him a perfect member of that society, a subject of that government. The difficulty is, what ought to be looked upon as a tacit consent, and how far it binds, i.e. how far any one shall be looked on to have consented, and thereby submitted to any government, where he has made no expressions of it at all. And to this I say, that every man, that hath any possessions, or enjoyment, of any part of the dominions of any government, cloth thereby give his tacit consent, and is as far forth obliged to obedience to the laws of that government, during such enjoyment, as any one under it; whether this his possession be of land, to him and his heirs for ever, or a lodging only for a week; or whether it be barely travelling freely on the highway; and in effect, it reaches as far as the very being of any one within the territories of that government." (Sec. 119) Locke admits that territorial sovereignty is one of the key features of government. Every member of community living within a determined geographic area is subject to the jurisdiction of that area's government. Locke implicitly realizes that the alternative to this would be anarchy, for he writes, "For it would he a direct contradiction, for any one, to enter into Society with others and yet to suppose his Land, whose Property is to be regulated by the Laws of the society, should be exempt from the Jurisdiction of that Government." (Sec. 121) However, Locke's doctrine of tacit consent exhibits inconsistency with his statement that people need not obey tyrannical commonwealth in two points. First, it is not appropriate to consider that simply staying within the commonwealth puts in itself a sign of consent. The only provision for not consenting in Locke's treatise is emigration from the commonwealth. This is Locke's escape from tyranny, for if people "are not permitted to emigrate, they can hardly be said to have consented." Emigration is a logical necessity within the framework of Locke's theory of consent, because without it, the whole theory loses its viability. Second, simply using the conveniences a commonwealth has provided to its people is not necessarily a sign of consent too. People who are not happy with the political system in which they live in many countries (for example Byelorussia) still use the public transport system, roads, libraries, and the other advantages that the commonwealth has to offer them. But they cannot be said to consent, even tacitly, to the authority bodies that governs them. We can conclude that Locke's doctrine of tacit consent cannot present a logically consistent response to the question of obligation to the government. Locke's theory of consent can finally lead to anarchy. The only way out for Locke was to make "consent" involving an agreement to abide by majority rule. "Whosoever therefore out of a state of nature unite into a community, must be understood to give up all the power, necessary to the ends for which they unite into society, to the majority of the community, unless they expressly agreed in any number greater than the majority" (Sec.99) Works Cited list Locke, John. The Second Treatise of Civil Government. 1690. Retrieved on 08 November 2005