Drug Addiction in Bangladesh Essay

Drug addiction is not a recent problem in Bangladesh. But it has been rising. In recent years Drug Addiction has significantly increased in Bangladesh. This agent of human devastation has spread its tentacles worldwide and also in our country. Every intelligent and humane person in the world society and international organizations such as the UN and WHO are alarmed by the present rate of addiction. Nowadays nearly ten per cent of outpatients in our hospitals are cases of drug addiction involving heroin, ganja and phensidyl. These are generally youths and young men between 15-30 years of age and come from all strata of the society. But there are adolescents below 15 years of age and men and women over 30. Hospital surveys show that average age of drug addicts is 22. The addicts are students, professionals, businessmen, laborers, rickshpullers and from other professions. Students are the most affected and drugs have caused deterioration in standards of education and students have also given up going to schools and colleges. Even university’s professors are getting addicted recently. These addicts are turning to various criminal activities, in order to procure drugs. What are Drugs? World Health Organization (WHO) defines Drug; Drug is a chemical substance of synthetic, semi synthetic or natural origin intended for diagnostic, therapeutic or palliative use or for modifying physiological functions of man and animal. Drug impacts directly influence the economic and social aspects of a country and physically to a human body. What is drug addiction? The word addiction means getting habituated with something. In case of drugs when a human body gets dependent on some stimulating things, and after a certain period it creates a habit which means that the body has become dependent on the stimulant which is addiction. World Health Organization (WHO) defines it: Drug is a chemical substance of synthetic, semi synthetic or natural origin intended for diagnostic, therapeutic or palliative use or for modifying physiological functions of man and animal. Figure: drug addiction DIFFERENT STAGES OF ADDICTION: A drug abuser can undergo different stages of tasting apart from normal lifestyle. Drug abuse can decay normal human senses through deep feelings. It creates different types of excitement both in the body and mind. Finally, it makes a person passionate to drugs. In the long run the user has to increase the dose day by day. Addiction has some stages. a) Initial stage b) Pre-mature stage c) Mature stage and d) Dangerous stage a) Initial stage (starting): This is the first stage of drug addiction. At first, a person starts to take drug without concerning his body. At the early stage he takes it just normally, and gets the ordinary happiness, which makes him feel better. Sometimes, he wants to touch heavenly excitement and dreams himself as a floating constituent in the sky. This is the first stage of drug abusing. Amateurs are in this group. They take drug once or twice a week with their friends or seniors in their locality, who are already addicted. He collects it and processes it to take. b) Pre-mature stage (the real test of drug): In this stage, drugs become a habit, and the abuser wants more. Feeling better s/he tries to increase the dosage drugs. It is taken at least 4-5 times a week. This is the primary stage for abusers in becoming addicted. At the initial stage they can easily manage or collect the money for purchasing. They collect money from their family, and sometimes from other sources. They take drugs with their friends. After a few days they need to take more and become dependent on it both mentally and physically. The sudden need for excess money, involves them in criminal acts like hijacking, and they feel thrilled to do it. c) Mature stage: After the pre-mature stage abusers become seriously addicted. They have to take it every day, after a certain period. In maximum of cases it is taken from evening to night time. For that, they are busy all day long in collecting the expenditure of drug. They need much more money for it and sometimes they turn against the law. Many discontinue their education after failing to concentrate on any kind of discipline. They forget social protocol, always remain bad tempered and feel they are always in the right. They do not want to hear any advice and count themselves as very aware and competent. Sometimes they feel frustrated and even lose the will to live. e) Decaying stage: After mature stage most of the abusers stay on the verge of decaying. It means gradually their lives crumble. They can realize, how imbalanced they are. They lose taste for food. At this stage they become fully dependent on drug, gradually after a few hours they have to take it, otherwise their body system stops. In that situation the abuser loses human characteristics and behaves like a monster. They have no sense to evaluate good or bad, to enjoy anything, they lose interest in normal male/female yeamings. And finally one day they fully surrender to drugs, which lead them to their graves.

Aztec and Mayan Difference

Aztec and Mayan differences One difference between the Aztec and the Mayan is the location, and time period they were in. The Aztec and Mayan lived in the same time period but the Mayan had actually been around longer than the Aztecs. The start of the Mayan empire began before the Aztec as well but, once the Aztec empire began they were the dominant empire in Mesoamerica. Location the Aztec were located in central Mexico were Mexico City now lies and the Mayan were located in the Yucatan Peninsula. Another difference between the Aztec and the Mayan is they spoke different languages. The Aztecs spoke nahuatl and the Mayan spoke Maya.One of the differences is that the Aztec language was poorly understood and less popular than the Mayan language. The Mayan language however is considered one of the most striking visually writhing systems in the world. The Aztec and Mayan had a different way of ruling their empires. The Aztec were ruled by a supreme ruler. The Mayan had city states each r uled by a sovereign ruler. Because the Aztec were a big group while the Mayan were many groups in one. The Aztec and Mayan had different names for their deities. They both had a feathered serpent god for the Aztec the god was called Quetzalcoatl and for the Mayan it was Kukulcan.Not only that they also had different gods that had different roles. They also had different views of these gods the Aztec believed they needed to sacrifice a lot of people to please them while the Mayan not so much. Last of all The Aztec were warlike and the Mayan were scientific. The Aztec waged war against other tribes forcing them to pay tribute. The Aztec were proud of their war tradition which in one can be concluded why they died out they lived by the sword and died by the sword. The Mayan studied stars were they came up with a very scientific calendar, and were obsessed with astronomy. Therefore the Mayan were true to life.

To what extent does the work of Jaques Louis David change during the Essay

To what extent does the work of Jaques Louis David change during the French Revolution - Essay Example To know a few details from this artist’s life is to understand some of his choices. Jacques Louis David’s life was filled with underlying turmoil from the early years. Losing his father in a duel, and gaining two stern uncles to fulfil the vital paternal role while very young, made indelible marks. The uncles thought he should be an architect or building contractor, since it was the way they made their living. In spite of being perfectly capable of the required draftsmanship, David had other ideas2. He was obsessed with drawing. He wanted to paint. The family had expectations of the young David that did not include painting as a career, although his fixation with drawing showed everyone very soon that his talents should not go to waste. He filled sketchbook after sketchbook with drawings3, with the kind of dedication that was impossible to ignore. Both uncles finally accepted his ability to make choices and persuaded his mother, who had left him to be brought up by them, and a teacher was sought: but not too far afield. Boucher, a relative, taught art, but soon, when he saw the style David wanted to paint, and their difference in personalities, he decided his neighbour and artist friend Joseph-Marie Vien would be a better candidate as a tutor for the young David. This change is one that would mark the artist’s preferences for some time4. A facial disfigurement marred David’s dealings with people. Because it affected his speech, he tended to prefer solitary activities, but made an effort to resist isolation, reminded of his schooldays, when he often crouched behind the teacher’s dais at school5. Being a young man with personal issues when the ancien rà ©gime, or Old Order, was winding down, towards the end of the 18th century, meant that experiencing changes in the morals and society in general became personal. David happened to be

Criminal Justice relating to Media Research Paper - 1

Criminal Justice relating to Media - Research Paper Example Nowadays, media has been the source of violence in the society as media consumption has been continuously rising for the past decade. Media has been a part the human civilization since time immemorial. Hence, society’s dependence on media has been significantly flourished throughout the decade. One particular source of news and entertainment is largely attributed to television programs and the internet. The type of programming contained in news reports, soap operas, family sitcoms, even children’s programs have demonstrated a level of media violence that needs immediate attention especially by the parents or guardians of the kids. This is so true when it comes to children’s cartoon channels. Most of the time, their parents or guardians fail to monitor what they watch on the television. Cartoon programs were created to entertain young children, but research has shown that a significant value of media violence is attributable to cartoons. On the other hand, the int ernet has also played a substantial role in the proliferation of media violence as seen in computer games which most of the young kids are fond of. This study shall focus on the violence content that is being shown in children’s programming, while mixing it with the element of humor. â€Å"This helps create that illusion that violence is fun and largely without any negative consequences. The unpunished violence perpetrated by attractive heroes provides the best description for encouraging imitation of violent scripts and adoption of pro-violence beliefs and attitudes† (Gentile 2003). Violence has been used as a key factor to make the audience glued to the television. With the presence of humor and combined with violence, the audience’s attention will be fixed watching the program from beginning to end as a form of entertainment. â€Å"The recent studies have

Impact of NGOs on Chinas Labour Rights CSR Component Essay

Impact of NGOs on Chinas Labour Rights CSR Component - Essay Example The role of NGOs is growing more important in China given the lack of political independence, as well as freedom of association, for work councils and trade unions on the factory floor. This vacuum is filled partially by labour support and labour rights NGOs, which bargain for labour rights and offer support to work for councils at factories and other workplaces. These organizations have more room to manoeuvre since they can bypass political aspects because of their business model, although this can also lead to additional dependencies that hamper their strategies for collective action focused labour rights (Lin, 2010). NGOs, thus, face the delicate task of balancing dependencies between businesses and states and expanding on what current labour laws, both national and international, provide. Their effectiveness against this backdrop will be discussed with regards to labour rights within their larger CSR monitoring mandate. NGOs working in the labour rights and labour support sector in China have several government-recognized frameworks to ensure adherence to CSR, particularly labour rights. One of this is the 2008 Labour Law that was passed in mid-2007 and implemented the next year. In passing the new labour law, the Chinese legislature strengthened worker protection and made a real attempt at adhering to internationally recognized labour regulations (Zheng, 2009). This law required that employees in all Chinese companies give their workers a written contract and restricted use of casual labourers, while also making it more difficult to lay off workers. The law also softened its stance on foreign companies that were a threat to those in China, as well as enhanced the role of the state-owned union in collective bargaining. The law also requires that all employers give equal treatment to immigrant and local employees. In addition, the law also requires that the written contracts offered by employers to w orkers meet minimum safety and wage regulations (See, 2009). For NGOs in China, most of which are funded by foreign labour rights organizations, this moves the country towards a European-style regime of labour regulations.

Physical acitvity experiences Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Physical acitvity experiences - Essay Example It is important for humans to engage in physical activity as early as possible because it is how we can each reach our end goal as human beings. My own physical experience from my childhood that clearly demonstrates this principle of Hoffman could be traced back into my childhood. Ever since I was a child, I yearned to be able to crawl, to walk, and to run so I can eventually play with other kids. With doing simple physical activities such as crawling, walking, or running, I was able to not only fully develop my ability to crawl, walk, and run but also equipped me to be prepared for what my teenage years had in store for me. It was during my teenage years that I started to see the inclinations I had as an individual. With this said, another of Hoffman’s points out that our ability to move is innate but with practice, we can gain control over our physical movements which is the ingredient for excellence (Hoffman,2009, p.71). Relating it to the physical experience I had during m y teenage years, I remembered wanting to be drafted in our school’s basketball team despite my lanky body and average height. However, despite these limitations, I strived to go beyond what’s possible by practicing basketball every after class, even if it entails playing on my own. This daily physical activity became a habit of mine that worked wonders. Eventually I developed the skill for basketball that got me drafted after my third attempt for try outs. This is indeed a clear demonstration of Hoffman’s principle of the importance of practice not only physically but also to develop a mental ability to control our physical movements to achieve an end goal. Another of Hoffman’s principle relating to the importance of physical experience would be the factors that influence the performance of a person which includes societal and environmental factors, pertaining to one’s family, friends, and internal/external circumstances that directly affects oneâ €™s motivation to do things (Hoffman,2009, p.72). Majority of the activities we do are either motivated by opportunities and encouragement or diminished by barriers. Relating this principle of Hoffman to my own physical planned experience I had back in college, would be the time when I wanted to sacrifice one school year of being a regular student, just to be able to finally move up to my goal of playing basketball professionally which required players to do at least 8 hours of practice per day - an obviously unfeasible goal for a regular college student. Though my parents were supportive with my daily practice after school, they were not agreeable to totally skipping a year of school to become a professional basketball player & our funds also did not allow my dream to be realized. With this said, my planned physical experience which is to be the best at playing basketball was greatly affected by the encouragement, motivation, and financial support that was available to me. Inde ed, we are all given in-born and developed abilities to learn through perception and cognition, putting it into good use through the ability to do complex physical activities directed to a certain goal. Though this ability of ours to perform

Environmental issues in China and the role of government Essay

Environmental issues in China and the role of government - Essay Example From this book, we can learn that the Chinese government is reluctant to reduce the rate at which its companies are engaging in manufacturing and other forms of production. This is because these companies contribute to the development of the Chinese economy, reducing their operations will lead to a fall of its economies. It is on this basis, that the Chinese foreign policy is formed. This source is important in explaining the source and origin of Chinese environmental problems. This source is very useful because it analyzes the various government policies in regard to industrialization and environment. However, there are some biases in this source. The bias emanates from the notion that it is the Chinese government that encourages environmental destruction through its internal and foreign policies which are meant to protect their companies. These companies are the main sources of carbon emissions in the air. To counteract this bias, I am going to look for a book that identifies some achievements of Chinese companies, and their environmental policies. Economy, Elizabeth. The river runs black: the environmental challenge to China’s future.Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2004. Print. The book explains the various environmental challenges that China faces. This book explains the role of invasive plant pathogens in causing an environmental disaster in China. This book also explains the role of Chinese large population in creating environmental problems in China, and the one child policy that the government of China initiated to solve the problem under consideration. It also addresses water pollution, and its impact on the Chinese people. This book explains in detail the various policies of the Chinese government in tackling environmental degradation. It analyzes these policies, with the intention of finding out whether they are effective or not. This book tries to give a prediction of the Chinese environment in the coming years, and the prediction is on the negative. That is the Chinese environment will be heavily polluted. This book is useful because it identifies the various factors that lead to environmental degradation in China. It also explains in depth the various policies that the Chinese government has initiated for purposes of tackling environmental pollution. However, this book has a bias. Its main bias is that it fails to recognize the efficiency of some Chinese policies in tackling environmental pollution. To counteract this bias, I will have to look for a book that identifies and explains the successes of the various Chinese policies on the environment. Marks, Robert. China: its environment and history. Lanham, Md.: Rowman & Littlefield, 2012. Print. This book identifies the historical evolution of China, and the various methods that guide the Chinese government into formulating policies. Of major concern in this book, is its identity of the Chinese industrial economy. One major theme identified is the role of industries in the destruction of the environment. However, this book identifies the various policies of these industrial companies, and how they help to solve the problems of environmental pollution that emanates from them. This book identifies the role of the environmental civil societies in promoting effort to conserve the environment. This book denotes that these efforts are successful, and the government usually implements policies that are lobbied by these groups. The government usually conducts checks to identify if the policies they have

Key Principles of Corporate Governance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Key Principles of Corporate Governance - Essay Example The role of corporate governance has, therefore, become increasingly vital to the strategic management of the organization and projection of its aims and objectives in the eyes of the public and other stakeholders. Corporate governance can be broadly defined as the creation of business environment within and outside the organization that would effectively meet the challenges of the time and improve and improvise the productivity of the performance outcome. The lack of effective controls vis-Ã  -vis malpractices in accounts and auditing, security of confidential information, corrupt practices in the higher hierarchy of management, disparity in rules and regulation etc. have become crucial risks factors that have resulted in huge economic loss for its shareholders as well adversely affecting its credibility in the market. Hence, in the fast changing environment of globalization, business compulsions have become more stringent in their nature and factors like accountability, responsibility and reliability have become important pre-requisites for business to create a credible environment for their trade and investment. ‘Corporate governance framework should recognize the rights of stakeholders established by law or through mutual agreement..’ (Du Plessis, 2005, p.36). The key principles of corporate governance are described and ranked in order of importance as under: ‘Corporate disclosure to stakeholders is the principal means by which companies can become transparent’ (Solomon, 2007, p143). Thus, Corporate Governance promotes effective control measures to safeguard the interest of all its stakeholders, investors and business partners. Under the codes of corporate governance, the disclosure mainly relates to the policy of the company to disclose relevant information about its budgets, annual financial statements

Respond question about reading Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Respond question about reading - Essay Example e texts make that establish a comparison or relationship between Alexie and Superman, and thirdly, why Alexie uses superman and not some other fictional character, in the readings, â€Å"The Joy Of Reading And Writing: Superman And Me†. Superman, a superhero character in comic fiction books, at times, faces dangerous situations, but in the end of the episode, he usually saves the world and he survives. Similarly, Alexie faced a dangerous when he was born hydrocephalic, which forced him to go through a brain surgery when he was only 6 months old. The likeness in the two is based on the fact that, they are faced with a dangerous situation, but ultimately they thrive and overcome the dangerous situation (McQuade & Atwan 27). Furthermore, as Superman grows to be older, his prowess is shown by how he wins various feats involving villains. Similarly, as Alexie, from an inferior Spokane Indian background grows up, his prowess starts to show when he moves from the reservation school and enrolls in a high school. In particular, Alexie’s prowess is seen firstly, when he becomes a star player in his high school basketball team. Secondly, he gets a scholarship to attend Gonzaga University in Spokane. Thirdly, â€Å"after graduation he receives the Washington State Arts Commission poetry Fellowship and a National Endowment for the Arts poetry Fellowship. Fourthly, he receives a PEN/Hemingway Award for â€Å"Best First Book of Fiction† because of writing a collection of short stories. Fifthly, Alexie’s prowess that make him similar to Superman, continue to be seen, when Granta puts his name as part of â€Å"Best of Young American Novelist†, and his books win different awards such as th e Christopher Award, National Book award for Young people’s Literature and PEN/Faulker Award for Fiction (McQuade & Atwan 28). The major connections in the text that establish a comparison or relationship between Alexie and Superman are the struggles that Alexie and Superman had to go through in

Anti Head Lice Essay Example for Free

Anti Head Lice Essay Abstract. The present study focused on the separation and identification of the active compounds against head lice from the hexane extract of Annona squamosa L seed. Chromatographic and spectroscopic techniques revealed that two major compounds of the hexane seed extract were oleic acid and triglyceride with one oleate ester. The yields of these compounds were 13.25% and 7.74% dry weight, respectively. The compounds were tested in vitro against head lice, comparing to the crude hexane extract of the seed. The triglyceride with one oleate ester and the crude hexane extract diluted with coconut oil 1:1. These compounds were found to kill all tested head lice in 49, 11 and 30 minutes, respectively. The triglyceride ester can be used as a marker for quantitative analysis of the active compound for quality control of the raw material A. squamosa seed and its extract. This first finding will be useful for quality assessment and the chemical stability of the antihead lice preparation from this plant. INTRODUCTION Annona squamosa L. (Custard apple) is a plant belonging to the family Annonaceae. It is popularly cultivated in all parts of Thailand, especially in the northeast, as a sweet fruit. The seed of this plant is well known for killing head lice in many countries (Boonyaprapasara, 1998). The human head louse (Pediculus humanus capitis) is a small insect causing a public health problem, especially in poor sanitary conditions. In Thailand, research has shown the anti-head lice activity of A. squamosa. Puapatanakul (1980) reported that the extract of custard apple seeds in coconut oil at the ratio of 1:2 can kill 98% of head lice within two hours, while the leaf extract shows less potency. Gritsanapan et al (1996) found that the petroleum ether extract of the leaves and seeds dissolved in coconut oil at a ratio of 1:1, kill 90% of head lice in vitro by 53 and 26 minutes, respectively. A 20% cream (oil/ water) preparation of petroleum ether extract of custard apple seeds can kill 93% of head lice Correspondence: Wandee Gritsanapan, Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University, 447 Si Ayutthaya Road, Ratchathewi, Bangkok 10400, Thailand. Tel: +66 (0) 2644-8677 ext 1500, 5530; Fax: +66 (0) 2644-8701 E-mail: [emailprotected] 532 within 3 hours (Areekul and Chaikledkaew, 1994, personal communication). Gritsanapan et al (1996), reported that 20 g of 20% freshly prepared cream can kill 94.5Â ±9.1% of head lice within 3 hours of application to school girls’ hair. Tiangda et al (2000) found the cream preparation of custard apple seed is biologically stable for at least 12 months. However, it is easier to control the quality and stability of the preparation by quantitative analysis of the active chemical components. The active compounds of A. squamosa seed extract have not been reported elsewhere. The present study, therefore, is focused on the isolation and identification of the anti-head lice components in the seeds of A. squamosa. MATERIALS AND METHODS Preparation of plant extracts A. squamosa seeds were purchased from Pak Chong District, Nakhon Ratchasima Province, Thailand in October 2004. The samples were identified by comparison with the herbarium at Forest Herbarium, Department of National Parks, Wild-life and Plant Conservation, Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment, Bangkok. The voucher specimen (WAS 0704) has been deposited at the Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol UniVol 37 No. 3 May 2006 A NTI-HEAD L ICE EFFECT OF A. SQUAMOSA versity, Bangkok, Thailand. The seeds were washed and dried in a hot air oven at 55Â ºC for 24 hours. The dried seeds were ground in an electric mill. Extraction and separation of major compounds The powdered seeds of A. squamosa (1.1 kg) were macerated with hexane (23 l) for three days at room temperature. The mixture was filtered and the filtrate was concentrated by a rotary evaporator and evaporated in a hot water bath until a constant weight (282.4 g) was obtained. The extract (75 g) was separated using silica gel column chromatography (400 g silica). Hexane (CH2Cl2 (1:1) 100% CH 2Cl 2 : CH 2Cl2 : MeOH (1:1)) was used as an eluent. Fifty milliliter fractions were collected and the fractions with the same TLC pattern (SiGF 254 hexane: ethyl acetate 10:3) were combined. The fractions containing two major spots (R f 0.20 and 0.72) were eluted in 100% CH2Cl2 fractions. To isolate pure compounds, the fractions containing major compounds were combined and concentrated. The mixture wa s further fractionated using silica gel column chromatography (200 g). Isocratic elution by hexane: ethyl acetate (10:3) was performed (approximately 25 ml per fraction). The fractions with the same TLC pattern were combined to yield five fractions. The second and fourth fractions gave compound AS1 (38.7 g) and compound AS2 (22.6 g), respectively. Compounds AS1 and AS2 were purified to give pure compounds. Testing for anti-head lice activity of pure compounds and crude extract The hexane extract and the two major pure compounds were tested for anti-head lice activity according to the method of McCage (2002). The extract and pure compounds were separately dissolved in coconut oil at dilutions of 1:1 to 1:8 w:w. The same amount of each solution (0.05 ml) was put in a Petri dish and spread in a thin layer over a 2 cm2 area. Seven equal sized head lice collected from school girls’ hair were placed in the Petri dish containing solutions of the extract and the two major pure compounds. Non-moving head lice, which were determined as dead lice, were counted every 5 minutes until all the lice were dead. A commercial anti-head Vol 37 No. 3 May 2006 lice cream, Hexinâ„ ¢, which is gamma benzene hexachloride (1% w/w) and coconut oil were used as a positive and negative controls, respectively. RESULTS Compound AS1 was a pale yellow oil, yielded 13.25% w/w of dried seeds. TLC (SiGF254, hexane:ethyl acetate 10:3) had an Rf value of 0.20 (Fig 1). The EI mass spectrum had a molecular ion peak at m/z 283.2 [M+1] and a prominent peak at m/z 264.3. The IR spectrum of compound AS1 revealed absorption peaks at 3000-2930 (O-H stretch), 2850 (C-H stretch), and 1700 (C=O stretch, carboxylic) cm-1. The 1H NMR spectrum of compound AS1 indicated the presence of one methyl proton at ÃŽ ´ 0.90 (3H, t, H-18); a methylene proton group at ÃŽ ´ 1.26 (20H, m, H-4-7 and H-12-17); two methylene proton groups at ÃŽ ´1.65 (2H, m, H-3); four methylene proton groups at ÃŽ ´ 2.00 (4H, m, H-8, 11); two methylene proton groups at ÃŽ ´ 2.35 (2H, t, H-2); two olefinic methane proton groups at ÃŽ ´ 5.35 (2H, m, H-9,10) and the broad peak of a hydroxyl proton at ÃŽ ´ 10.15 (1H). The 13C NMR spectrum and Distortionless Enhancement by Polarization Transfer (DEPT) exhibited 16 carbon resonances, revealing the presence of thirteen methylene carbons, one methyl carbon, two olefinic methine carbons and one carbonyl carbon. These spectral data suggested that compound AS1 was a fatty acid. Comparing the NMR spectra of compound AS1 with Aldrich Library (1993) of 13C and 1H FT NMR spectra, confirmed the molecular structure of AS1 was an oleic acid (Fig 2). Compound AS2 was also pale yellow oil, yielded 7.74% w/w of dried seeds. The Rf value (SiGF254, hexane: ethyl acetate 10:3) was 0.72 (Fig 1).The 1H NMR spectrum looked similer to the AS1 spectrum, with additional signals at ÃŽ ´ 4.15 and 4.30. The IR spectrum of compound AS2 showed bands at 2925 (C-H stretch) and 1746 (C=O stretch, ester) cm-1. 533 S OUTHEAST ASIAN J T ROP MED P UBLIC H EALTH Table 1 Head lice killing time of the crude extract and pure compounds from Annona squamosa seeds (n=3). Test sample Dilution (w:w) Killing time (min) 30.67Â ±4.04 34.33Â ±4.04 41.00Â ±3.61 55.00Â ±5.00 49.33Â ±3.06 54.67Â ±5.51 59.00Â ±6.56 61.33Â ±4.16 11.00Â ±1.00 12.00Â ±2.00 16.00Â ±1.00 22.33Â ±2.52 180 180 1 2 3 Hexane crude extract 1:1 1:2 1:4 1:8 Oleic acid (AS1) 1:1 1:2 1:4 1:8 Triglyceride with one oleate ester (AS2) 1:1 1:2 1:4 1:8 Coconut oil (-ve control) Not diluted Hexinâ„ ¢ (+ve control) Not diluted 1 = AS1, 2 = AS2, 3 = hexane crude extract. Fig 1–TLC chromatogram of AS1, AS2 and hexane crude extract. H After comparing the NMR spectra of compound AS2 with Aldrich Library (1913) of 13C and 1 H FT NMR spectra, compound AS2 was felt to be a triglyceride with one oleate ester (Fig 2). The hexane crude extract of compound AS1 (oleic acid) and compound AS2 (triglyceride with one oleate ester) from Annona squamosa seeds showed in vitro anti-head lice activity as summarized in the Table 1. The data show that the triglyceride with one oleate ester was the most active compound against head lice. It killed all tested head lice within 11 minutes when diluted with coconut oil to a ratio of 1:1. Both the Hexinâ„ ¢ and the coconut oil killed all the head lice within a period of 180 minutes. H COOH (CH2) 7 H3C (CH2) 7 Oleic acid O CH2O CHO CH2O C R1 R2 Oleate Triglyceride with one oleate ester R 1, R2 = H/ other fatty acid Fig 2–Structure of separated compounds from Annona squamosa seed. DISCUSSION The triglyceride with one oleate ester in coconut oil (1:1) was significantly more active against head lice than gamma benzene hexachloride 1% cream and the hexane crude extract. These data are supported by previous reports (Gritsanapan et al, 1996; Tiangda et al. 534 2000). This result is useful for the standardization of Annona squamosa seed and its extract. The active compound may be used for the qualitative assessment of the chemical stability of the custard apple cream preparation. This is the a first report of the active anti-head lice components from A. squamosa seeds. Vol 37 No. 3 May 2006 A NTI-HEAD L ICE EFFECT OF A. SQUAMOSA REFERENCES Aldrich Chemical Co, Inc. The Aldrich Library of 13C and 1H FT NMR Spectra. 1st ed, 1993. Boonyaprapasara N, Chokchaicharoenporn O, eds. Samunprai Maipuenbaan. Vol. 2. Bangkok: Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University, 1998: 454 (in Thai). Gritsanapan W, Somanabandhu A, Titirungruang C, Lertchaiporn M. A study on the antiparasitic activities and chemical constituents of extracts from the leaves and seeds of custard apple (Annona squamosa Linn.). Proceedings of Third NRCT- JSPS Joint Seminar, 1996: 209-15. McCage CM, Ward SM, Paling CA, Fisher DA, Flynn PJ, McLaughlin. Development of a paw paw herbal shampoo for the removal of head lice. Phytomedicine 2002; 9: 743-8. Puapatanakul O. Clinical studies of Annona squamosa seeds and leaves for the treatment of head lice. 1980: 37 pp (in Thai). T iangda C, Gritsanapan W, Sookvanichsilp N, Limchalearn A. Antihead-lice activity of Annona squamosa seed extract. Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health 2000;31 (suppl 1): 174-7. Vol 37 No. 3 May 2006

Leading Causes of Morbidity and Mortality in the US

Leading Causes of Morbidity and Mortality in the US The Leading Causes of Morbidity and Mortality in the United States Crystal Mullen ASSIGNMENT: Research the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in the United States. What are the leading causes? Why is it important to be aware of them? Write a 4-5 page APA formatted paper discussing your findings. You will need to include a minimum of 3 references to support your findings and opinions. Before beginning this assignment I was thought morbidity and mortality referred to things that are scary, gross and filled with gruesome deaths. I thought that morbidity referred to what I saw on Halloween or some horror movie. As it turns out morbidity refers to: â€Å"the incidence or prevalence of a disease or of all diseases in a population (Medical Dictionary, 2014)† Based on this definition I can see that morbidity is data collected regarding the various diseases that can afflict a population (Diffen, 2014). Furthermore, I saw mortality simply as a fancy way of saying that everyone is going to die. Because my view of mortality was overly simplified, I didn’t appreciate the weightiness of this information: â€Å"Death, especially of large numbers; heavy loss of life (The Free Dictionary, 2014).† Based on this definition, mortality is more than just dying, it’s documenting populations that have died. This data can be separated into different categories: perinatal mortality rate, crude death rate, maternal mortality rate, infant mortality rate, child mortality rate, age-specific mortality rate, and standardized mortality rate. Once the data is collected it goes to the National Vital Statistics System so that the information can provide cause of death information based on geography and demographics (Diffen, 2014). Therefore, having an understanding of the difference between morbidity and mortality, I can further research the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in the United States. Based on what I’ve found, the top five causes of death, or mortality, in the United States are heart disease, cancer, chronic lower respiratory diseases, strokes, and accidents. Heart disease is the number one cause of death in the United States. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has documented that approximately 600,000 individuals will die of heart related illnesses in the United States every year. In fact one of every four individuals will die of heart disease. Furthermore, coronary heart disease, the most common form of heart disease will kill over 385,000 people in the United States this year alone. Finally, though not exhaustively, every year, 715,000 Americans suffer from a heart attack. These are simply the statistics for heart disease (CDC, 2014). There are quite a few risk factors that enable individuals to be susceptible to heart disease. First of all, individuals who smoke, have high blood pressure or high LDL cholesterol. Furthermore, individuals will increase their risk for heart disease if they struggle with a healthy weight, eat unhealthy live a sedentary lifestyle or drink alcohol excessively (CDC, 2014). Sadly because this is the lifestyle of many Americans, they are continuously vulnerable to hearth disease. However, while these risk factors are excessive, there are ways for Americans to reduce their susceptibility to heart disease simply by making healthy food choices that are low in salt and fat and high in fiber and protein. Furthermore, it has been proven that limiting alcohol intake and daily aerobic exercise will lower a person’s blood pressure and LDL cholesterol. These changes will lower a person’s vulnerability to hearth disease (CDC, 2014). The second leading cause of death, mortality, in the United States is cancer. The ten most prevalent in the United States include cancers of the prostate, breast, lung and bronchial, colon and rectum, corpus and uterus, urinary bladder, skin, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, kidney and renal pelvis, and cancer of the thyroid (CDC, 2014). At this time there are no explanations why one person will develop cancer while another person won’t. However, there is research that links certain risk factors to a person’s susceptibility to suffer from cancer. Certain risk factors, such as growing older, family history, sunlight, and even certain hormones and radiation may be beyond an individual’s ability to control. However other risk factors, such as excessive alcohol consumption, poor diet, a sedentary lifestyle, or obesity are risk factors every individual can avoid. Furthermore, annual check-ups with a healthcare clinician can also warn an individual of additional risk factors to avoid (National Cancer Institute, 2014). Chronic lower respiratory disease is the third leading cause of mortality in the US. Chronic lower respiratory disease refers to persistent, continuing diseases of the lower respiratory tract. Examples of Chronic lower respiratory disease includes COPD, Emphysema, Chronic bronchitis, and Cystic fibrosis. The symptoms of this disease include are shortness of breath, coughing up blood, chest pain, wheezing, loss of appetite, loss of weight, and bluish discoloration of fingers and lips (Right Diagnosis, 2014). There are quite a few risk factors that increase a person’s chances of chronic lower respiratory disease. Certain risk factors, such as chemical fumes, air pollution, and long term to exposure second hand smoke is beyond a person’s control to prevent. However, risk factors such as smoking can be eliminated so minimize a person’s vulnerability to chronic lower respiratory disease. Strokes are the fourth leading cause of death, mortality, in the United States. Strokes are the equivalent to a heart attack in the brain. This is because the blood vessels in the brain rupture when the blood supply to the brain is blocked. When this happens, brain tissues die and generates a weakness or numbness on half of the body. A stroke is a medical emergency, but with quick treatment to the stroke victim, it is possible for the victim to avoid physical disability and death (CDC, 2014). As with the other causes of morbidity, there are quite a few risk factors of having a stroke that are both within, and beyond an individual’s control. For example, risk factors like family history are beyond an individual’s control. However, behavioral choices such as poor eating habits, sedentary lifestyle, obesity, smoking and excessive alcohol consumption are risk factors that can be avoided to reduce a person’s chance for suffering a stroke (CDC, 2014). I believe that because there so many ways to prevent a stroke, this must be the reason why it is the fourth and not the first leading cause of morbidity. Finally, the fifth leading cause of death, mortality in the United States is accidents. There are many forms of fatal accidents including (but not limited to) death by motor vehicle, vehicles, poison, slip-and-fall, choking and even fire. Motor vehicle accidents happen all too quickly and far too easily simply when the drivers get distracted. Car (vehicle) accidents often happen when the driver is doing everything else while driving such as texting, talking on the phone, applying makeup, or even shaving. Poisoning occurs either with tainted food or water, as well as ingesting legal and illegal drugs as well as various pesticides. The most common forms of poison are hydrocodone, heroin, cocaine and even alcohol. Although people do die from falls, this isn’t usually a problem for individuals under 65 years old. Death by fire occur either from carelessness such as a paper close to a fire or perhaps falling asleep while smoking. Finally, just as senior citizens are at the highest risk for falling, toddlers are at the highest risk of choking. So it’s a good idea to remove food or small toys out of a child’s unguarded reach so that they won’t suffer from choking (Listosaur.com, 2011). Based on what I’ve read, all accidents are preventable yet all accidents can be deadly. Conclusion Based on what I’ve read, and based on my own lifestyle, it is very important not only to be aware of risk factors of diseases because I am then armed to prevent them in my life. First of all, if I know risk factors for heart disease include poor eating habits, then I can create a meal plan that is low in salt and fat and high and fiber and protein. Furthermore, if I know that one way to avoid lung cancer is to avoid situations where I’m ingesting second hand smoke, then I know to avoid areas of work where people are taking their smoke break. Finally, though not exhaustively, if I know that a risk factor for a child to choke are innocuous food like grapes, stew meat, or nuts, then I know I need to cut up my little one’s food into tiny bite sizes so that he or she can enjoy the food without obstructing his or her windpipe. Therefore, if I take care of my health, I have a greater chance of living a long and healthy life. References CDC. (2014). Cancer Prevention and Control. Retrieved March 2, 2014, from Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC): http://www.cdc.gov/cancer/dcpc/data/types.htm CDC. (2014). Health Disease. Retrieved March 2, 2014, from Center for Disease and Control Prevention (CDC): http://www.cdc.gov/heartdisease/ CDC. (2014). Stroke. Retrieved March 2, 2014, from Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC): http://www.cdc.gov/stroke/ Diffen. (2014). Morbidity vs Mortality. Retrieved March 2, 2014, from Diffen: http://www.diffen.com/difference/Morbidity_vs_Mortality Listosaur.com. (2011, July 22). Top 5 Causes of Accidental Death in the United States. Retrieved March 2, 2014, from Listosaur.com: http://www.listosaur.com/miscellaneous/top-5-causes-of-accidental-death-in-the-united-states.html Medical Dictionary. (2014). Morbidity Definition. Retrieved March 2, 2014, from The Free Dictioary: http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/morbidity National Cancer Institute. (2014). Cancer Causes and Risk Factors. Retrieved March 2, 2014, from National Cancer Institute: http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/causes Right Diagnosis. (2014). Chronic lower respiratory diseases. Retrieved March 2, 2014, from Right Diagnosis.com: http://www.rightdiagnosis.com/c/chronic_lower_respiratory_diseases/intro.htm The Free Dictionary. (2014). Mortality Definition. Retrieved March 2, 2014, from The Free Definition: http://www.thefreedictionary.com/mortality

The Psychology of Human Rights Violators and Courageous Resistors Essay

The Psychology of Human Rights Violators and Courageous Resistors Using a vocabulary based on the work of social psychologist Ervin Staub, it is clear that many researchers have found elements of the human psyche and the human experience that contribute both to acts of courageous resistance in the face of horrific human rights abuses as well as contributing to the perpetration of the acts themselves. Certain categories emerge while assessing the actions of an individual in either of these circumstances: environmental or circumstantial pressure and support; concept of self in relation to others, and specific learning experiences that coalesce into paradigms from which actions are taken. In his analysis of human rights violations, Staub discusses â€Å"difficult life conditions,† â€Å"in-group/ out-group† distinctions, and â€Å"learning by doing.† Various other scholars of human rights have a vocabulary that will enhance the meaning of this terminology in the context of both human rights violators, and courageous resistors of t hat violence. Staub's assessment of â€Å"difficult life conditions† and how people behave under threat to safety and security is supported and expanded upon by Kristen Renwick Monroe, who posits that, though ethnic difference and tensions are not a sufficient to explain human rights abuses, they will be magnified by economic struggle or other stresses, and can explode into acts of extreme violence. She draws in the concept of dehumanization, addressed by Staub and many others, positing that the cognitive perceptions of a people under strain can be manipulated to scapegoat a group of people in an attempt to release the frustration of powerlessness in hard times. The idea that one can distance oneself from one's victi... ...ing the path of â€Å"learning by doing† towards courageous resistance. Those raised in authoritarian cultures according to various theorists, including Staub, often don't have the internal locus of control that allows them to make the connection between seeing oppression and choosing not to participate in it. So, this is another place where theories of pro-social actions and human rights violation are converse to one another. A synthesis of all of these theories leads me to believe the following: if one can use the similar pathways of â€Å"learning by doing† and â€Å"authorization† within a pro-social, inclusive world view and create a society where authoritative child rearing need not become authoritarian child rearing, it is possible to say that there may one day be a world where there will be no violations of human rights that will require others to courageously resist.

terrorism Essay -- essays research papers fc

Terrorism Imagine a clear blue, sunlit morning; the most beautiful day you can recall. Imagine waking up from an amazing dream of a clear horizon. Imagine putting on your new fresh suit, to start your new job. Imagine having that extra hop in your step as you leave your front door, your mind anxiously awaiting the adventure of a new beginning to an amazing day. Then, imagine not getting to where you needed to be. Not because you fell victim to a traffic jam or missed the bus, but because you were a victim of a terrorist act - an innocent victim, whose life was cut short by terrorism. Shattered dreams and lives are just some of the many effects that terrorism can bring about. Just how different is each human than another? Anatomically there are slight variations, but we are all part of the same world. To lash out on other innocent people due to the fact of different beliefs, is almost inhuman. Lack of composure and intelligence is one of the many flaws’ terrorists have built within thems elves. Throughout history, there have been many unprecedented terrorist attacks. Each attack is worse than the next. These attacks have been thought about since 431 B.C. when a Greek historian wrote the effectiveness on psychological warfare (â€Å"Terrorism†). Most terrorists share the belief that killing, kidnapping, extorting, robbing, and wreaking havoc to terrorize people are legitimate forms of political action. Terrorists are never one-person, a single political regime, nor a particular religion but terrorist attacks can be targeted to such groups (â€Å"Terrorism†). The most common attack in the act of terrorism is the suicide attack. The outcome of the war now under way between the Israelis and Palestinians is very important to the security of every American. Palestinians are testing out a whole new form of warfare, using suicide bombers to achieve their political aims. Israelis are terrified. And Palestinians feel a rising sense of empowerment. Palestinians have long had a tactical alternative to suicide: nonviolent resistance (Friedman A6). Palestinians have adopted suicide bombing as a strategic choice, not out of desperation. Two influential U.S. senators expressed their fear that the kind of suicide bombings we've seen in Israel might indeed spread to the United States. They both agree that if these suicide bombings in Israel don't stop soon,... ...rorism and its affects on a nation. Each person seems to have there own idea on how to stop such things from ever happening again. There are those who are anti-war, who think if we just talk about things peace can be achieved. Then, there are those who think if we as a nation scare everyone with our military power the problem will be resolved. Both groups are far from the truth in my opinion. Terrorist acts are derived and acted upon by pure hatred and brainwashing. The only time terrorism will ever truly disappear is when we as a human race disappear. Works Cited Blitzer, Wolf. "Suicide bombings in the United States?" CNN. 9 Apr. 2002. Friedman, Thomas L. "Suicidal Lies – On Suicide Bombers." New York Times 31 March 2002: A6. â€Å"Info War†. 2002. The Terrorism Research Center, Inc. 5 Oct. 2003. 18 Apr. 2004 . Parkinson, John. â€Å"The Consequences of Terrorism.† CIO Insight Jan. 2003: 43-46. Sowell, Thomas. "The Median and Purpose of Terror." New York Times 19 Nov. 2001: A10. â€Å"Terrorism.† The Encyclopedia Britannica. 2003 ed. The War on Terrorism. 2003. Central Intelligence Agency. 25 March 2004

Advantage Grant

I wish to apply for the Online Advantage Grant at CTU Online. I am currently enrolled in the Business Administration course at CTU Online. I am a mature student at thirty years of age and have returned to formal study as a way to improve my knowledge and skills. My parents have instilled upon myself and my sisters a lifelong desire to study.Often working a lot harder themselves they enabled us to study; my parents have given to me a disciplined study ethic that acknowledges successful completion of tertiary courses as a vital step towards gaining my place in the community.My ethnicity is American Indian; I am excited about my opportunity to bring my cultural diversity to the community once empowered by the completion of the Business Administration course at CTU. A nation wide emphasis has been given to bringing cultural diversity into all fields of American life.I believe that a critical element of bringing true cultural diversity into all American workplaces is the opportunity for e thnic minority group members to complete tertiary studies.I have secured my place to participate in a very direct way in the development of true cultural diversity in the workplace by enrolling and starting the Business Administration Course at CTU. My motivation to complete the online course is high as I see the value not only for myself and my immediate family for my completion of this course but for the benefits that will flow from my education to my community.With the knowledge and skills I gain from the Business Administration course I will be empowered to represent my cultural minority and to promote the sensitivity towards other cultural minorities into the workplace arena.The career path I plan to follow is that of the healthcare industry. I have close relatives who currently work in the healthcare industry and through their insight I feel that this will be the way in which I can pursue a career that will bring the most impact back to my community and to my own sense of sati sfaction and sense of giving back to others.Of particular interest in our country today is the persistent inequity that surrounds people from ethnic or cultural minority groups and access to effective healthcare. Studies have been presented in the popular media that show that minority groups all share an underutilization of healthcare services compared to the majority Caucasian population.Such studies report that lower rates of health insurance amongst people within minority groups accounts for only part of the lower use of healthcare services.Key factors in the underutilization of healthcare services by people within minority groups was the lack of flexibility of healthcare service providers in terms of hours of operation and in terms of cultural sensitivity which led people of minority groups to not use the services or to limit their use of such services.With the knowledge and skills I gain from my studies at CTU Online, I plan to bring the cultural sensitivity that my American In dian background has provided me to the healthcare industry.My cultural background has given to me a unique perspective on the need for cultural sensitivity across all the diverse minority groups that make up the nation today. I am excited about the great advantage my heritage will bring to my effectiveness in the workplace.I appreciate your consideration of my application for the Online Advantage Grant for CTU Online.

Audience Analysis and Reception Essay

Knowing the audience needs, are important to communicate effectively. In the workplace, knowing the needs helps us to explain the what, why, how, who, and when we can provide productivity in the workplace. In this report, I would like to inform my manager, about why we need another maintenance technician and certain tools for the Maintenance Shop. In this formal letter to management, what would be the need for a maintenance technician and certain tools needed to perform tasks.† What† being the problem, and the steps we must take to achieve this goal. My report will include ways to save in order to allow capital to be saved to allow an extra payroll. Safety issues due to the lack of an extra employee, and how we can get more productivity done within the company. Understanding, that this report must be formal, I must be sure to use the proper language, tone, and content. Because this report is to be written to manage I must also provide evidence, facts, and personal experie nce to support my claim. Providing a plan to reach these goals will help me to better explain the â€Å"where†, I am trying to help the company. By explaining, how the addition of more tools, and a maintenance technician would benefit the company. This can further express the needs of the two to management. Also, providing a map of the tasks that will be accomplished, and a timeframe in which they will be completed helps to explain how it would also be beneficial for the company. Not considering the audience needs can lead to communication lost, or the inability to interact effectively with the receiver of the message. The content of the report will not answer the question of what is the problem, how can we solve the problem, what steps are needed to solve the problem, where we can find the resource to fix the problem, and why we should take these steps to accomplish other tasks. Formal reports should be written in formal. At this time, the claim that we are making should be supported with evidence, facts,  and personal experience to be taken as factual information. The content of the report should focus on the needs of the audience, and the steps that are needed to solve the problem. Sources: The five W’s An old tool for the new task of audience analysis-ProQuest (). Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com.ezproxy .apollolibrary.com/docview/2200989762/fulltext/13DA2†¦

Catering and Marketing Essay

To perform successfully, a catering service must be market-oriented and should apply the marketing concept, which is derived from the assumption that a product should be capable of meeting the needs of consumers, foremost, through its quality. To fully meet the needs and wants of costumers on the one hand, and to accomplish its business goals on the other hand, a catering business needs to combine the elements of the marketing mix in order to be as successful as possible in selling its product on the market. Guest satisfaction must be ensured. I. INTRODUCTION â€Å"Marketing is not only much broader than selling; it is not a specialized activity at all. It encompasses the entire business. It is the whole business seen from the point of view of the final result, that is, from the customer’s point of view. Concern and responsibility for marketing must therefore permeate all areas of the enterprise.† – Peter Drucker Food is an indispensable part of the human needs and wants that is always present in every circumstance. It is a usual unison that people have in an event which covers a large number of people dining and feasting meaning a reason for the essence of catering services. Catering services is one of the most dynamic business groups in the food and beverage industry. By industry definition, catering is the planned service of food and beverages – in contrast to restaurants, where food and beverages are generally served on demand. The opportunity for catering services to provide planned food and beverages is far greater than it is for restaurants. While restaurants are business units that serve the general public within their operating facilities, catering services, for the most part, can be provided in any venue, public or private. Unlimited types of settings, both indoors and out, are used for catering functions. The number of people who can be served at a catering function range from one to many, many more – often totalling in the thousands. For a service organization such as catering to acquire customers, it is important that marketing strategies be deployed to improve its own ability to compete with other catering services gain a competitive advantage and thus retain a greater number of customers. Marketing is an important aspect of every catering operation. As customer demands increase for catering-related services, corresponding marketing efforts must be developed. Catering business can live and die by the strength of their marketing efforts, particularly in areas with high levels of competition. An effective marketing plan can lead to the growth of your customer base, larger catering jobs, and increased profits. As consumers grow increasingly, the role of advertising and publicity become the primary vehicles for information about food and service. Definition of Terms Marketing. It is the activity, set of institutions, and processes for creating, communicating, delivering, and exchanging oï ¬â‚¬erings that have value for customers, clients, partners, and society at large. Strategy. It is the direction and scope of an organization over the long-term: which achieves advantage for the organization through its configuration of resources within a challenging environment, to meet the needs of markets and to fulfil stakeholder expectations. Catering. The activity of providing food and beverage for events. Marketing Mix. A planned mix of the controllable elements of a product’s marketing plan commonly termed as 4Ps: product, price, place, and promotion. Product. Represents a set of tangible and intangible elements used to satisfy the needs and wants of consumers. Promotion. The publicization of a product to increase sales or public awareness Price. A value that will purchase a finite quantity of a product or service. Product Distribution. It is the process of making a product or service available for use or consumption by a consumer. Scope and Delimitation of the Study This study is conducted specifically on eleven (11) Catering Services in the locality of Bataan. Specifically the eleven (11) catering services are as follows: 1. Tony and Ann Catering Services – located in Balanga City 2. Mommy-Tah’s Catering – located in Orion 3. Petrius Resto and Bar Catering – located in Balanga City 4. Goldiluz Catering – located in Balanga City 5. Ysiad’s Catering – located in Balanga City 6. Cora’s Catering – located in Orion 7. Junifred Catering Service and Accessories- located in Orani 8. Cj’s Catering Services – located in Dinalupihan 9. Mattro Catering Services- located in Hermosa 10. Gourmet Catering and Flower Shop- located in Orani 11. Know- Well Catering Services- located in Abucay The eleven (11) Catering Services were subjected to survey questionnaire. One catering services at a time. Furthermore, this study was limited to finding only the effectiveness of the marketing strategies used by the different catering services. Statement of the Problem The main purpose of this study was to find out the effectiveness of marketing strategies used by different catering services in the locality of Bataan. Specifically, the study sought to answer the following questions. 1. Is there a significant relationship between the location of the business and its marketing strategies? 2. Is there a significant relationship between the number of years of the business and its marketing strategies? Significance of the Study A study such as this enabled the different catering services in the locale to see if their marketing strategies were effective to increase their income. Furthermore, this is also important to all the catering services for this will help them in the promotion of their services using different marketing strategies. With the use of various marketing strategies, catering services may lead to higher income. Moreover, the useful and relevant information acquired from this study may help future researchers in the same field of study. This study will further help the catering services to develop more effective marketing strategies. Related Literature According to Scanlon (2007), the marketing mix includes the marketing strategy elements and may be conducted either as an alternative to the marketing cycle or as a continuing activity in the market process. The marketing mix incorporates the four basic elements into the overall strategy of marketing a product or service. The four basic elements consist of: †¢ a product (product) †¢ the price of the product (price) †¢ the promotion of the product, and (promotion) †¢ the distribution of the product. (place) The product. This is the primary element of the marketing mix, with the other elements adjusting to it depending on the given situation. The product represents a set of tangible and intangible elements used to satisfy the needs and wants of consumers. The product has all the attributes of a service, and it is designated for the market. What is a service, and which are the attributes of a product as a service? A service represents the result of the interaction of three basic elements: the user (guest), equipment (facility), and the service staff (staff). This result should meet the needs of guests (for example, wedding reception). The process of building a service brand is vital to the product as a service. Becoming distinctive in the marketplace and building a brand helps to gain the trust of guests. Product price. The pricing should be based on three key elements: †¢ service demand, †¢ costs incurred in creating services, and †¢ comparing and adjusting prices to those of rivals on the market. Some potential customers are more sensitive to prices than others. For some, price is the single variable on which they base their decision to buy (or not to buy) a product, while others care nothing for the price, as long as it guarantees the quality of services provided. Hence, businesses need to be elastic in pricing. They must carefully monitor the reactions of customers to prices and, accordingly, adjust or change prices depending upon demand. Costs clearly influence the price of a product, and they determine the bottom price below which a business will begin to loss money. Prices should not, however, be overly cost-oriented, and they should not be increased to cover costs. Instead, they should be based on demand and adjusted to changes on the market. Rivals also play an important role in pricing. A business will often be compelled to change its pricing policy as a result of changes in the prices of rivals. Considering how fierce competition is today, it must be analyzed and mon itored. This means that prices, once fixed, cannot be allowed to remain unchanged, but rather, their adjustment to change should be taken as a sign of their flexibility. Product promotion. To promote a product, the business communicates with the market of demand. The market of demand comprises potential customers, various business organisations and organisations belonging to non-economic branches, and media. In promoting a product, a variety of promotional methods are used to present the product to potential customers and attract their attention. Considering the growing number of promotional methods available today in promoting a product, businesses choose to use a combination of promotional elements.

Julius Caesar †Qualities of a Good Leader Essay

Selecting a good leader for a country is like dominoes. The leader needs to be somebody that won’t make the occasional mistake that would, in dominoes, hit one of the others and make them all fall down. If the leader does their job correctly, the country will be strong. A good leader must be able to make his own decisions because if he cannot, he will be considered a weak leader. A country’s leader must be able to communicate with the people as well because if he gets the people of the country to listen, then his job would be much easier. Also, if the leader were noble to his countrymen, then there would not be any disputes within the country. In Julius Caesar, Mark Antony is a perfect example of a good leader. Not only is he a confident and noble person, he is also persuasive and that helps in becoming a good leader. Antony would be a good leader of Rome because he is confident, noble, and persuasive. He never changes his mind when he makes a decision and that is good in a leader. When the triumvirate was making a list of people to kill, Antony came across the name of his nephew. Even though it was his nephew that he was killing, Antony said, â€Å"He shall not live; look, with a spot I damn him.† (IV.i.9) Antony had to kill his nephew, who might oppose him, and he did not want to take the chance. Another part where Antony’s confidence in decision-making was when he was talking to Octavius about Lepidus. The triumvirate was made up of three people, Antony, Lepidus, and Octavius, and so â€Å"The threefold world divided, he should stand / One of the three to share it? (IV.i.14-15) Antony meant that Lepidus would not be capable of ruling a third of the world, and that he would rather take half and Octavius take the other half. Antony’s confidence shows him being capable of being a great leader. Along with being confident, Antony would make a great leader because of his nobility towards others. Antony was seen to be noble towards Caesar. The two men were close to each other like a mother and her child. When Caesar died, Antony wanted revenge for Caesar. And Caesar’s spirit, ranging for revenge, â€Å"With Ate by his side come hot from hell / Shall stir these confines with a monarch’s voice / Cry â€Å"Havoc!† and let slip the dogs of war / That this foul deed shall smell above the earth / With carrion men, groaning for burial. (III.i.270-275) Caesar was like family to Antony and when Caesar was killed,  Antony wanted Caesar’s spirit to rest easier, and so he went to get revenge for Caesar. Besides being noble to Caesar, Antony was noble to the countrymen as well. When Antony came to give his speech about Caesar at the town, the people were listening to him respectively. Antony knew about Caesar’s will and he did not have to tell the citizens about it. Since Antony was a good person he read the will and he said â€Å"To every Roman citizen he gives, / To every several man, seventy-five drachmas.† (III.ii.244-245) Being a good person as he is, he read the will as the people wanted so they would be content. Antony’s nobility shows him to be worthy in becoming a good leader of Rome. Along with being confident and noble, Antony would be a great leader because he can be persuasive. Since Antony had great speaking skills, he could get people to think the way he wants them to think. After Caesar’s death, Antony met up with the conspirators and he decided to make them think he would forget about the assassination. He said, â€Å"I doubt not of your wisdom. / Let each man render me his bloody hand.† (III.i.202-203) The conspirators thought that Antony had forgiven them, but the truth was that Antony was going to make the public turn against Brutus and the conspirators. When it was time for Antony to make his speech about Caesar to the countrymen, he used his speaking skills and got the countrymen on his side. The citizens were moved by his speech and said, â€Å"We’ll hear him, we’ll follow him, we’ll die with him.† (III.ii.211) The countrymen were listening to Brutus’ words at the beginning and they were agreeing with what he said. Now Antony had gotten the people to listen to him and follow him. Antony uses his speech skills to win the heart of the crowd and he makes the people feel how he wants them to. He said, â€Å"Good friends, sweet friends, let me not stir you up / To such a sudden flood of mutiny.† (III.ii.12-13) That quote probably made the crowd want to know more of what Antony had to say, and that was what Antony wanted. So, the ability to persuade people is a very important element in being a good leader. A successful country must have a good leader, and Antony has the ability of being a great leader. He can persuade people into thinking as he does and he is noble to the people of the country. He gives the people an opportunity to say what they have to  say instead of just going on his own beliefs. He is also very confident in himself and so whatever he decides to do he does, and does not change his mind. Not only is he noble to his friends, he is also noble to the people of the country as well. With Antony as a leader, the country would not go bad since he is a person who does thing right. Mark Antony was an honorable and powerful man, and so he would be a great leader.

The Official Language of the United States

Do you know what the official language of the United States is? If you answered English, guess again. But don’t feel bad, the vast majority of people would answer that English is the official language of the United States of America. English is the de facto language since, at this point, it is the most widely spoken language in the nation. But Spanish is catching up millions Hispanics speaking their native language at home, at work, and on their daily lives. This brings another point: Why is the U. S. an English-speaking country (or so you think), catering not only to the Spanish language, but to many others that you don’t even know about? Because the U. S. as a nation has never declared an official language. Many people have tried it with no success. In 1780, John Adams proposed to the Continental Congress that English should be declared the official language of the United States. His proposal was deemed â€Å"undemocratic and a threat to individual liberty. † This type of debate has been going on for years, with people on both sides of the fence. And yet, the issue isn't any closer to a resolution than it was 200 years ago. This doesn’t mean that the individual states have not declared an official language because many already have. Twenty-seven states, to be exact, have officially declared English as their language. U. S. English . gov Let’s not forget that since 1776 we have been—and continue to be—a multilingual nation. Back then, it wasn’t uncommon to hear up to 20 different languages spoken in daily life. Today, those numbers are more staggering. According to U. S. English Inc. an advocacy group that supports declaring English as our official language, 322 languages are spoken in the country, with 24 of those spoken in every state and the District of Columbia. California has the most languages, with 207, while Wyoming has the fewest with 56. So why won’t Congress declare an official language? Because we are a nation of immigrants and these numbers prove it. Because declaring an official language would abridge the rights of individuals with limited English proficiency, individuals who are paying taxes and who are entitled to the same rights as those who speak English. To protect those rights, there is something called Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. Although twenty seven states have declared English as their official language, in order to receive federal financial assistance those states still have to comply with Title VI, which requires that vital materials be available in the language of everyone receiving benefits subsidized by the Federal Government. Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the 2000 Executive Order No. 3166 require that public entities receiving federal funds must have all vital documents available in every language that their clients speak; every language, not just Spanish. Why? Because the U. S. has never declared an official language and as such, the Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 still applies. Basically, Title VI was best described by President John F. Kennedy in 1963: â€Å"Simple justice requires that public funds, to which all taxpayers of all races [colors, and national origins] contribute, not be spent in any fashion which encourages, entrenches, subsidizes or results in racial [color or national origin] discrimination. †

Cultural Competency Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Cultural Competency - Research Paper Example The paper would primarily discuss the ways and means the school can help adapt the new students in the new environment. The school starts in two weeks time. Thus, creating a cultural proficiency within the school environment must become the priority of the educational leadership within the school. Sederberg (1984) claims that in organization the power belongs to those who can define or describe circumstances in ways that convince others that things are as they say they are. Educational leaders, who are endowed with effective communication skill and cultural understanding, have the capability to influence the cultural identity of the group within the institute thus facilitating changes in the institutional culture to adapt to the changing environment. Thus, the role of specialist teachers or teachers who are proficient in the language of the immigrant population becomes highly crucial. Learning the language and culture of the host country facilitates rapid adjustment. Hence, school administration and the teachers must take initiative in encouraging networking with immigrant population and their children so as to create awareness regarding the need to adapt to changes vis-Ã  -vis language barrier and cross cultural understanding. As a specialist teacher, I would facilitate their adjustment by organizing interactive session to familiarize them with new language and culture. The primary aim would be to teach them important words of English so that they are able to communicate with the rest of the students. Another aspect would be to create cross cultural understanding. This is a very important aspect of teachers as leaders. They are able to motivate the students coming from diverse background to understand each others culture and develop mutual respect. Indeed, educational leadership helps in the process of acculturation. Initial loss of

Questions Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 19

Questions - Assignment Example Additionally, networking provides skills for better communication. Communication skills are vital to every manager (Okome 2011). Social media is effective because of its necessity to employees and managers. Workers need to communicate with each other because of the current technology. Changes in technology have made it easy for workers to work in remote areas. With these changes, communication is important. This gives social media gives a positive review. There is simplicity in communication for employees and managers in different locations. Ideas can also be shared by different personnel is different locations. Conversely, social media networking channels can act as a distraction. Social media does not also give full information meaning that information can be misunderstood. Security is not guaranteed for any information passed through social media (Adler 2012). Research shows that technology has improved modes of communication. This is because companies have been able to operate in different locations. Organizations have set up virtual teams to operate in different locations using technology such as information communication technology to communicate with the headquarters. Technology makes communication effective resulting in the improvement of marketing of the organization’s products and services. The fact is virtual teams communicate easily with the headquarters (Earnhardt

HOW MIGHT THE FAN PRACTICES THAT PRODUCE A CULT TEXT BE CATEGORIZED AS Essay

HOW MIGHT THE FAN PRACTICES THAT PRODUCE A CULT TEXT BE CATEGORIZED AS EITHER MASCULINE OF FEMININE; THIS ACCORDING TO GENDERED COMPETENCIES AND DISPOSITIONS AS FOUND IN THE AMERICAN SERIES TRUE BLOOD - Essay Example Vampires, two years prior, remained hidden from the Human Race; dwelling in the shadows while preying on human beings for their blood that was the vampires lifeline. This, however, changes when scientists in Japan create an artificial form of blood called â€Å"True Blood† that takes the place of human beings’ blood. They no longer have their survival controlled by the need for human blood. Instead, the vampire race is able to integrate itself into the â€Å"Mainstream† Human society. The resultant interactions are mutually suspicious with each race preferring its own company; often being intolerant of the other (Broyles, 2010, p. 56). Vampire blood, on the other hand, is categorized as being a kind of human narcotic: â€Å"V† or â€Å"V Juice† that is often sought after by the Human race. Sookie, the main protagonist is caught up in a fight between a human couple and a vampire male, Merlotte’s first, who were attempting to drain his blood. From this scene, the notion of women’s’ hospitability, non- violence and accepting nature is exhibited; this contributing immensely to the ensuing relationship that was to develop between her, Sookie, and the vampire, Bill Compton. From this relationship, a host of vampire culture and psychology is explored with great limitations being portrayed on vampire psychology. The receptive and understanding nature of Sookie epitomizes the goodwill and caring nature present in the female psychology (Hammond, 2006, p. 136). The murders of several women, all connected to Sookie’s older Brother Jason, provides the first season’s major plot. ... 136). The murders of several women, all connected to Sookie’s older Brother Jason, provides the first season’s major plot. Among the victims are Maudette Pickens, a sexual partner; Dawn Green, one of Merlotte’s servers; Grandmother Adele and girlfriend Amy Burley. He is addicted to vampire blood â€Å"V†; that is a human narcotic unlike anything manufactured at the time. The viewers’ knowledge of Jason’s innocence does not help much in easing the constant accusations and investigations carried out by detective Andy, in conjunction with Sheriff Bud, who target him as the main suspect in the investigations. The theme of masculinity comes out with the accusations, of the murders, and the constant harassment of the perceived suspect by the local authority. Violence and other acts of violence are socialized with the notion of masculinity while the feminine nature is credited with old age (Grandmother Adele), sensual and sexual pleasures as portray ed by Maudette and Marlette’s Dawn Green (Ghaill, 1994, p. 51). Friendship and enduring bonds are exemplified by the unwavering support given to Jason by two of his friends and workmates, Fortenberry and Lenier. Masculinity and endurance are two themes explored until in the end, another actor; Rene is exposed as the murderer; killed in a final confrontation with Sookie. Rene, Arlene’s fiance is actually Drew Marshall who having created a false identity goes about killing those women he considers gang-bangers; that is, women who have sexual relations with vampires. Friendship and unwavering bonds between the Male species is exemplified as being strong and long-lasting; this contributing to the fan

Case analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 5

Case analysis - Essay Example Thus, Yurukova has a responsibility to come up with a brilliant strategy that can be implemented in order to improve the fundraising process. At the moment, Trinity University mainly relied on using telefundraising channels. This is a marketing approach that uses telephone to reach different people in different parts of the country. The targeted people are mainly graduates from Trinity University. Mariya is contemplating segmenting the targeted donors by using different strategies in order to make generate as much money as possible. One of the segmentation methods is to target the people by either alumni or by graduation year. The other strategy used to segment the targeted people is by using their faculties. It has also been envisaged that the targeted people can also be segmented on the basis of extracurricular activity as well as Trinity University involvement. The other marketing strategy used is direct marketing and this involves face to face interaction with the targeted people. The marketing mix approach (price, place, product and promotion) of the university involves different strategies. The price for conducting clients using direct mail is pegged at $0.88 while the price of doing the same using telefundraising is estimated to be $5.60. The product involves donations made by the targeted people to the university. The place for this activity is centralised since it is coordinated from the institution while targeting people from different places across the country. As part of its promotion strategy, the university is also contemplating to use direct mailing strategy where direct mails are sent to the people found in the institution’s database. The other promotion strategies include online giving and telefundraising. The real issue is finding and training quality telefundraisers. At the moment, the university is relying on a single individual alone. This initiative requires the the efforts of many

Youth and drugs Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Youth and drugs - Research Proposal Example health, how education institution can influence this trend, and what addicted persons can do to get help, which gender is the most vulnerable, and many other questions. In order to get an answer to these questions it is necessary for a research to be carried out. This is a research proposal for a research on youth and drugs. Youth and drugs is not a new thing, as it has been mentioned and studied a number of times before by other researchers. However, it should be noted that there have always been a difference in findings in these studies. Furthermore, most of these researches focus on specific aspects or questions relating to youth and drugs. This makes it easier to carry out a research on this topic because of the fact that there are relevant findings that had already been availed in the reports written after the various studies and researches were carried out by different people with different perspectives and missions. It should be noted that drug abuse among the youth is a social, health, and economic concern. This is because it can hinder the performance of the youth who form a significant part of the total population of human beings globally. This implies that it is a problem that in many occasions has been undermined, but should be looked into with the seriousness that it deserves. Michelle Miller†Day looked at the role of parenting strategies on late adolescent and drug abuse. She asserts that the strategies used in talking to the youth about drugs sometimes are effective because parents do not want to be straight about the issue. Vardakou, Pistos, and Spiliopoulou assert that the use of the internet by the youth can be said to one of the factors that lead to the high rates of drug abuse among the youth. Duff (2003) carried out a research on the contribution of the youth culture to the rate of drug abuse in Australia. They found out that the youth culture was a significant contributor to drug abuse among the youth in Australia. Wilens and Biederman

Competition Law in Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Competition Law in Business - Essay Example Ilovemoneyalot, a telecommunication firm has a bigger market share as compared to other competitors such as Alfa and Beta. The move by the CEO of Ilovemoneyalot telecommunication to lure the other businesses to lower their prices of their products and services is against the competition laws. This is undertaking the dominant position the company enjoys to foreclose the market whereby the growth of other businesses will be limited. In Turkey, Competition Act, it prohibits the abuse by business undertaking of their dominant position. The abuse can take both the vertical and the horizontal form. According to the Act, a vertical agreement is the agreements carried out by business undertaking at different levels of production or distribution chain in order to produce or sell goods and services. Intellectual and Artistic work Act governs the rights of any musical or artwork done by someone from copyright infringements. It is intended to establish and safeguard moral and economic rights of the authors who create these artistic or intellectual works. In this case, Arthur, the songwriter and singer of â€Å"Beautiful Maria of My Life† did presents his song to his lover as present during her birthday. The girlfriend goes ahead to reproduce the song to the shock of Arthur. According to the Act, performing the song at part of the birthday party to Arthur’s girlfriend did not transfer intellectual or artistic rights and hence can sue for the copyright.

English usage and style in Academic Writing Essay

English usage and style in Academic Writing - Essay Example People are wrong when they compare the supremacy of English and Latin in ancient societies. The skeptics of the language are forgetting that Latin was preferable when there were limited resources for documenting languages. Additionally, Latin underwent consolidation around Europe. In contrast, English is a cross-cultural language that does not belong to a particular group of people. According to Mastin (2007, p, 1), different version of English exists but people still use the fundamentals of language. English will not become destroyed because the language is not limited to the workplace. The language also dominates communication on social networking sites. Spanish as a language in Singapore has not hindered the dominance of English as an approach to communication. English is the primary language that facilitated communication in Australia, US and Britain. Besides, countries like Nigeria have adopted the language for official duties. In the past, natives Britons communicate appropriately in English; however, this trend changed with civilization (David, 2003, p, 2). Presently, non-natives have developed a good command of the language despite English being their second language. For example, nations that considered English an alien language are cherishing the language during conversations. The emergence of English is an indication that dialect is not an influencing factor when using the language. The need for a global language sets the foundation for adopting English in different places around the globe. Scholars are encouraging people to use English as the global language with the intention of limiting misunderstandings that are attributable to communication. Indeed, English is the lingua franca for trade and other global activities (Peterson, 2006, p, 3). International bodies such as the â€Å"United Nations† contribute to the progress of the language as the Lingua Franca. Moreover, the academic field is

Art Essay Example for Free

Art Essay * Art is a term that describes a diverse range of human activities and the products of those activities, but here refers to the visual arts, which cover the creation of images or objects in fields including paintings, sculpture, printmaking, photography, and other visual media. They are two paintings that have been drawn by Dmitry Levitzky in 1773 and by Millais in 1871. The first portrait by Dmitry levitzky is called Nelidova, Ekaterina Ivanovna who she is the daughter of Lieutenant Ivan Dmitrievich Nelidov. She was raised in the Smolny Institute for Young Ladies and was noticed there by Empress Catherine II, who made her a maid of honor to the Grand Duchess Maria Feodorovna, later Empress, whose husband Emperor Pavel I. She was sincerely attached to him, although their relations were never intimate. She was able to influence Pavel I, preventing some of his unwise decisions and tantrums. She was also a close friend of the Empress Maria Feodorovna. The second portrait by John Everett Millais is called The Martyr of Solway the â€Å"Margaret† depicted by Millais was Margaret Wilson, who was born in 1667 in Glenvernoch in Wigtownshire. She was a young and devout Presbyterian who was a member of the Covenanters, a Scottish Presbyterian movement of the 17th century in Scotland who signed the National Covenant in 1638 to confirm their opposition to the interference by the Stuart kings in the affairs of the Presbyterian Church of Scotland. The Stuart kings embraced the belief of the Divine Right of the Monarch. However, not only did they believe that God wished them to be the infallible rulers of their kingdom – they also believed that they were the spiritual heads of the Church of Scotland. This latter belief was anathema to the Scots. Their belief was quite simple – no man, not even a king, could be spiritual head of their church. The following piece will demonstrate the differences and similarities between the two images in a compare and a contrast manner. Analyze the fundamental differences. Point out the major mutual points.

What Is English As A Lingua Franca?

What Is English As A Lingua Franca? Over the last few decades, with global spread and use of English, some researchers have shown an increased interest in English as a Lingua Franca. The issue of ELF has eventually become an important focus of research in applied Linguistics. McKay (2003) emphasizes that local context and learners needs should play an important role in the teaching of English. Kirkpatrick (2007) claims that we, as English language teachers, should reconsider which model of English should be adopted for the language classroom in countries where English is used mainly for international communication. This paper seeks to the following things. Firstly, the paper will explore what is meant by English as a Lingua Franca (ELF) and followed by the discussion the importance of relevant issues, such as choosing the right teaching model, cross-cultural intelligibility and strategies, accommodation and open-minded attitudes towards different English varieties. Secondly, with respect to Chinese context, the author will discuss the choice of appropriate teaching models. As an English language teacher in China, the author claims that the choosing of teaching models should be based on the local context and learners needs. Finally, the author will discuss the development of China English in Chinese context. 2. What is English as a Lingua Franca? 2.1 The Spread of English Nowadays, there is no doubt that English is an international Language. It is widely used as a communication medium in the fields of politics, economics, culture, technology etc. Crystal (2003) points out that the number of non-native speakers (NNSs) of English is far more than native speakers (NSs) and claims that roughly only one of every four users of English in the world is an English native speaker. 2.2 World Englishes With the spread of English in the world, there are now many varieties. Jenkins (2004) refers to these as world Englishes. In other words, English no longer has one single base of authority, prestige and normativity (Mesthrie Bhatt, 2008). The three circles model proposed by Kachru (1992) has been very influential and gives us a good understanding of the spread of English and world Englishes. These three circles, based on geography and history, include the Inner Circle, the Outer Circle and the Expanding Circle. The Inner Circle comprises the countries in which people speak English as a native language (ENL), known as Norm-providing, such as USA, UK, Australia, Canada and New Zealand. The Outer Circle includes the countries where English is spoken as a second Language (ESL), most of which used to be the colonies of UK, US, and regarded as Norm-developing. Jenkins (2009) points out that one of the main characteristics of the Outer Circle countries is that the variations of English in ESL have become institutionalised and are developing their own standards. The Expanding Circle means EFL countries, such as China, Japan, Korea and Thailand, known as norm-dependent. The main reason for defining the Expanding Circle is that English has no official status and can be seen as dependent on the norms of the inner circle countries (Jenkins, 2009). 2.3 English as a Lingua Franca However, language is always developing and changing. With the spread of English, Kachrus three circles model (Kachru, 1992 )is criticized by some scholars (Jenkins, 2005; Seidhofer, 2004) because it pays more attention to the interaction between native and non native speaker, and has not recognized that one of the most important functions of world-wide English today is to provide a lingua franca between all three circles. In particular, the interaction takes place within the Expanding Circle (Mollin, 2006). Therefore the term ELF is proposed under this circumstance In the first place, it was widely accepted that ELF does not include native speakers. House (1999) defines ELF interactions between members of two or more different linguacultures in English, for none of whom English is the mother tongue. In other words, from Houses point of view, ELF means English is spoken by speakers whose first language is not English. Jenkins, however, claims that the term English as a Lingua Franca (ELF) refers to the English that is used as a contact language among speakers who come from different first language and cultural background (Jenkins, 2005). In other words, despite the fact that native speakers are not like non-native speakers which represent a large percentage of the totality of the worlds ELF users, they are still included in ELF, But their interactions are not collected in Jenkins ELF data, and when they take part in ELF interactions, they do not represent a linguistics reference point (Jenkins, 2007). ELF is characterized by the following: (1) ELF is used in different contexts in which speakers have different L1 and cultural background, but they need it as a tool to achieve their communication goal. During this communication process, they need to be open-minded, tolerate and accommodate each other (Politeness, schema theory and so on). (2) ELF is different from EFL which the main purpose is to communicate with native speakers and the interaction needs to adhere to ENL linguacultural norms. (3) Linguistically, ELF involves innovations, performativity and creativity that differ from ENL (Seidlhofer, 2011). When Speakers negotiate meaning with each other in English, they may change the ENL norms. For example: Use of 3rd person singular zero. She/he go to school. More details please see the appendix one (Jenkins, 2009). Obviously, the term ELF well represents English as it is used today. In addition, the ownership of English does not only belong to native-speakers, it belongs to all who communicate with each other in English (Nelson, 2011). With the global use of English, Cross-cultural Intelligibility, certain communication strategies are needed in ELF interaction, such as accommodation and code switching, the awareness of noticing the specific communication context. The discussion will be explored in the next session. 3. ELF and relevant issues for the classroom 3.1 The teaching models Seidlhofer (2006) points out that, with global use of English, a problem is raised to choose the teaching model: what English should be taught in a specific context? What norms of English should be adopted? People make different choices based on their needs and context of learning English. Three models are proposed by Kirkpatrick (2007: 184-197): exonormative native speaker model, endonormative nativised model, and a lingua Franca approach. Most people in Expanding Circle Countries would like to choose the exonormative native speaker model, because most of them learn the standard British and American English and their respective standard accents, RP(Received Pronunciation) and GA (General American),despite the fact that they know learning English is not only to communicate with native-speakers(Jenkins, 2009). But in fact, the term standard English deals with grammar and vocabulary (dialect) but does not include pronunciation (accent) (Trudgill Hannah, 1982). Shepherd (2000) claims t hat which model is chosen depending on the learners needs and should use the learner-centred approach. In the meantime, it is very hard for speakers who are in expanding circle countries to achieve native-like English. On the contrast, it will not motivate the learners and makes them lose confidence in learning it (Seidlhofer, 2011). 3.2 Cross-cultural intelligibility and strategies As English continues to grow as a lingua Franca, there are a lot of variations of English. How should we achieve the cross-cultural communication? Smith (1976) pointes out the view below: 1) There is no need for learners to internalize the culture norms of native speakers of the language; 2) the ownership of an international language becomes denationalized and 3) the primary goal of learning language is to make learners to communicate their ideas and culture to others. For example, generally speaking, Nelson points out that (2011) we will identify who people are, where he or she comes from by his or her lexical choice or accent before we communicate with other person from different background with us. However English is currently used as a Lingua Franca, the goal of communication is to make each other understood. International Intelligibility is getting more and more important and become a concern in recent days, especially understanding each other in multiple contexts (Nelson, 2011). Therefore developing the students listening and comprehensibility and speaking skills are very crucial in order to understand people and make other people understood who come from different backgrounds with different accents. Since the purpose of learning Language is to achieve communication, so how to get the meaning of language through different pronunciation or accents when people speak English is becoming a main issue in ELF. Learning linguistic features and knowing different cultures might be helpful to understand different variations. Therefore understanding your speaker linguistically and culturally will lead to successful communicate in a super diversity context, In short, Knowing how, when, and why to say what to whom. Furthermore, in order to achieve the international intelligibility and effective communication, raising the awareness of the strategies of lingua franca communication is becoming more and more important in the interaction. Promoting multi- competence among native and non-native language users (Cook, 2007), the accommodation theory, the schema theory, the speech act theory, cultural information, cross-cultural negotiation and strategies, language technology, cultural awareness and so on 3.3 ELF: attitude and identities Now English is becoming a Lingua Franca, hence the norms of native speakers countries are not only one standard, in the meantime, non-native speaker countries have got the ownership of English. So not only non-native speakers need to accept the native-speaker norms, they have got their own particular norms. At the same time, Jenkins (2007, 2009) claims that native speakers should accept non-native speakers norms .Because in the current situation the expanding circle is potentially rather different from typical situations in which powerful NS groups impose their linguistic norms on less powerful, often minority, NNS groups. In particular, many groups of English speakers in parts of Europe, Latin America, and East Asia (especially China) are both economically powerful and numerically large, and this may ultimately prove to be decisive in the fight for the recognition of ELF, in turn, it may affect the ELF identity landscape in ways that are at present only dimly discernible (Jenkins, 2 009; Seidlhofer, 2011). Widdowson (1993: 385) claims that it is a matter of considerable pride and satisfaction for native speakers of English that their language is the international means of communication. However, it is very hard for native or even non-native speakers to accept the worlds Lingua Franca which has its own lexicogrammar and accent characterises and should have its own right to develop its own Lingua Franca forms. For instance: China English, Japan English. Even these features did not cause intelligibility problems and can achieve the goal of communication (Jenkins, 2004). For more details, please see the appendance one. Identity is becoming an interesting issue in English language use nowadays. Recent literature (B. Kachru and Nelson.2001; De Kadt, 2004) point out that the use of English plays an important role in showing groups and individuals identities. Because non-native speakers use English with their own characters show their own identities. Especially people use English to communicate with people who came from different background, For example, the interaction between a Chinese English and Korea English speaker, and they may be identified by each others pronunciation and accent. In most of cases, English language teachers and learners desire native-like English identity in Expanding Countries, Especially for non-native English teachers. In their mind, native-like English accents are helpful for them achieve the success in the career development. 4. Rethinking ELF in China Kirkpatrick (2006) points out that context should be considered before making the decision to choose the teaching model, and the context includes learners needs and the relative possibility of adopting nativized model. Next, the role of English based on Chinese context and learners needs are discussed in more detail, then the teaching model in China is described, and the development of China English is explored. English in China Nowadays With the spread of English, English is seen as extremely important and strongly promoted in China. The motivation for learning English for Chinese learners are discussed in more details based on Chinese context, and the uses of English in China is always changing over time. With economic reform and open door policy of China in 1979, and the motivation of learning English is to acquisition Western knowledge (Kachru, 1992: 165) and international understanding. English is a compulsory subject in primary, secondary and universities in China, they need to pass the examinations. Students in secondary need to pass the National Examination to access to university, students in the majority of Universities need to pass CET band 4 to get the degree. Some students who want to study abroad need to pass IELTS and TOEFL. Here, the role of English is as a medium to access to science, technology, political, business, culture information around the world. However, nowadays more and more teachers and learners notice that learning English is to international communication. Especially, since China entered WTO in 2001 and held 2008 Olympic Games, these make China get involved in globalization. For example, many companies in USA and some European countries found that they can cut the costs and make more profit if they send their jobs in China, it is well known as outsourcing. People in China who want to work in these companies need to have a high proficiency of English. In addition, with the development of China, more and more people study abroad, travel and immigrate around the world, and they are exposed to English with different accents. They not only need to communicate with people in the inner Circle countries. ¼Ã‹â€ America and UK ¼Ã¢â‚¬ °, but also need to interact with people in some Outer Circle and the Expanding Circle(Singapore, India, Malaysia, Japan and Korea). Finally, with China emerging as an economic superpower, Chinese government found that China not only needs to learn the knowledge from the world, but also need to let the world know about China, Confucius Institutes have founded all over the world since 2004, which provide opportunities for people to know Chinese Language and culture. For mandarin Chinese teachers, they need to translate Chinese Language and culture into English. However, sometimes it is very hard to find the word in English vocabulary to express Chinese language and culture. Therefore, direct translations from Chinese into English take place(Kirkpatrick,2007), such as taichi, kung fu, fengshui, iron rice bowl, one country, two systems, open-door policy. 4.2 Teaching models in China As mentioned earlier, Kirkpatrick (2007) points out that there are three potential models which can be used in outer and expanding circle countries, and they are an exonormative native speaker model, endonormative nativised model and a lingua franca approach. China is one of such expanding countries, and the exonormative native speaker model has been accepted and promoted as the standard pedagogic model for English language teaching in China. However, there are still a lot of changes during the period of development of English in China. In the past, only native-speaker varieties and norms are used and other varieties of English are ignored in China. British English is regarded as standard English in the beginning; with the economic development of America, American English dominated in the ELT of China, mixed with a little British English; in the last two decades, with the economic development of China, more and more foreigners from different countries in the world go to China to do b usiness, study and travelling, and some Chinese people are exposed to different varieties of English and they found it hard to communicate with foreigners with different accents. This raises their awareness of the importance of other varieties of English. Therefore, nowadays, other varieties of English are taken into account in English curriculum. Including Canada English, China English, India English, Nigeria English, Japan English, and so on. English teaching materials have reflected these changes and tend to incorporate the principle of English as a Lingua Franca in terms of cultural knowledge. In the English teaching materials, not only the culture of native speaking-English countries is introduced, but also the culture from the inner and expending counties is presented inside. Kirkpatrick (2006) points out the advantages of adopting the exonormative native speaker model in the Outer and Expending Circle countries. Firstly, this model has been codified in the dictionary and grammar books; Secondly, this model is regards as standard varieties of English; thirdly, this model has got power. Fourthly, this model has got historical authority (ibid: 72). The above reasons also can explain why the learners in China want to learn American and British English, and why they regard American and British English as Standard English. However, with the global development of English, other varieties of English have already started to be drawn attention in the field of ELT in China. Kirkpatrick and Xu(2002) points out that the reason for learning English should be clarified before choosing the right English teaching model, if learning English is to communicate with native speakers, then the exonormative native speaker model will serve a good role, however, in fact, In China, the purpose of learning English is not only to communicate well with native speakers, but also communicate with non-native speakers, and the number of non-native speakers has already exceeded the number of native speakers, in the meantime, the number of non-native speakers are still growing at the fast speed. Therefore, they argue and suggest that the development of China English with Chinese characteristics may be an inevitable result (ibid: 277). 4.3 China English The concept of China English has been attracting growing attention from scholars over the past 20 years (Du and Jiang, 2001; Kirkpatrick and Xu, 2002; Hu, 2004; Bolton, 2003,). This concept is different from the older terms Chinese English and Chinglish, because Chinese English and Chinglish are ungrammatical or nonsensical English and are not standard variety. Chinese English refers to a variety of English used by Chinese learners and bears trace of L1 interference (Kirkpatrick and Xu, 2002).while Chinglish refers to the combination of English and Chinese in ones sentence. China English was first defined by Ge in 1980 (Du and Jiang, 2001), and it is described as it is understood as a standard variety and used by Chinese People in China, and it has Chinese characteristics in lexis, sentence structure and discourse and reflects Chinese culture norms (Li, 1993;Du and Jiang, 2001). Undoubtedly, English is a lingua Franca now and English should be learnt with the culture of the target language to a certain extent in order to learn English language. In the meantime, in the Chinese context, China English should be developed to make it part of the main English. For example, during the period of learning Mandarin Chinese, many students are interested in Chinese culture, i.e. Acupuncture and moxibustion treatment, traditional wedding, traditional Chinese musical instruments, the ancient Chinese works, Chinese food etc. But it is hard to find English words to describe these special things with respect to Chinese knowledge and culture. This is a big problem and challenge for Chinese people to communicate with foreigners in English. The emergence of China English contributes to the development and enrichment of English and spread the Chinese culture around the world, so it is necessary to develop China English with Chinese characteristics in lexis, sentence structure an d discourse and become one part of the worlds Lingua Franca. and China English needed to be codified to appear in dictionaries and reference books, of course, there is a long way to go before China English become one standard variety, this not only needs official support, but also needs to change peoples attitudes towards China English, and further research needs to be done to investigate China English with respect to phonology, lexis, discourse and culture. Kachru (1992) emphasizes that giving the rights to develop the variety of norms would not lead to a lack of intelligibility among varieties of English. 5. Conclusion In this paper, this author has discussed the understanding of ELF from narrow and wide view. Secondly, this paper has explored the implications of ELF for classroom issues: Choosing the teaching model should be based on students context and needs; In order to achieve the Cross-cultural Intelligibility, we should raise the students awareness of effective communication strategies; as long as non-native speakers features such as lexicogrammar and pronunciation do not cause Intelligibility problems and can achieve the goal of communication, we should be open-minded and accommodate each other (Cogo Dewey, 2006; Dewey, 2007). More importantly, some people would like to keep their own identity when communicating with each other in English. Finally, this author focused on the discussion of teaching model in China based on Chinese context, and then the author discussed China English and advocated China should develop China English along with learning native-speaking culture and this may be n ext big trend on teaching English in China. Nanoparticles: Applications and Impact on Science Nanoparticles: Applications and Impact on Science Nanoparticles (NPs) functionalised with cores composed of inorganic and organic materials like noble element, magnetic metals, their alloys and oxides, and semiconductors are ehaustively studied and have huge potential for application in various areas. The spectrum of applications are endless and embraces nano-biomedicine, nanoprobes for diagnostics to treatment of diseases, nanobots for early detection of neoplastic cell, nano drug delivery systems, Nanosuspension, SPION, nanolithography for nanoelectronics industry, electrochemical sensing supported by gold nanoparticles impregnated halloysite nanotube composites and latent fingerprint detection for forensic investigations are to call a few. The effects of nanoparticles ought to be predictable and controllable, and bear the specified result with minimum cytotoxicity. These criteria are met by the careful craft of the core shell, allowing stabilization, specific targeting and recognition of biochemical species. This review is focuse d on the synthesis and functionalisation of a wide range of nanoparticles for various applications. Keywords: nanoparticles, SPION, nanobots, halloysite, nanodrug delivery system forensic investigators, nanoelectronics. 1.INTRODUCTION: The incredible accomplishments created within the discipline of material science and nanotechnologies over the past decade have had a significant impact on the biological, physical, and, chemical sciences. Recent developments in the life sciences rely profoundly on the supply of latest state of the art experimental tools and devices that modify and manipulates biomolecules and avail the study of complex biological processes at the molecular and cellular levels. Significant progress created inside the synthesis of fluorescent semiconductor Nanocrystals (NCs), further brought up as quantum dots (QDs), aboard an extra robust understanding of their nonlinear photo physical properties and then the event of biocompatible surface chemistries for their solubilization, have provided new imaging probes with monumental potential for scientists in the biological domain [1-3]. The distinctive optical properties of these semiconductor Nanocrystals make them exceptional fluorescent biological marke rs. The leptons in QDs are confined in all three dimensions, resulting in a powerful size dependency of optical behavior like absorption, transmission and, consequently, emissive energies [4]. The radiative recombination of the charge carriers that ends in fluorescence emission once the lepton falls into the valence band is greatly inflated by quantum confinement, compared with their bulk semiconductor [5-8]. Thus, by reducing the dimensions of certain semiconductors to a couple of nanometers, new fluorescent probes may be obtained entirely different from their bulk counterpart. Additionally, by varying the nanometric size a greater control over the fluorescent properties of these probes like their emission wavelength can also be achieved to utilise its complete spectral potential [1]. Nanoparticles are constructs that possess distinctive physical and chemical properties associated to their size domain of 1–100 nm or a minimum of one dimension need to fall in the regime of 1-100 nm. NPs consist of a spread of materials as; metallic nanoparticles of noble metals of Gold / Aurum (Au) [9], Silver/ argentous (Ag) [10,11], atomic number 46 (Pd) [12], atomic number 78 (Pt) [13],magnetic compounds (viz. Co [14], Fe3O4 [15,16], FePt [12], CoFe2O4 [17], CoPt [18]), semiconductors (viz. CdS [19], CdSe [20], InGaAsP [21], GaAs [22], GaAsP [23], ZnS [24], TiO2 [25], Lead Sulphide (PbS) [26], Indium Phosphide (InP) [26], Silicon (Si) [27]), core shell (viz. CdS/CdSe [28], CdSe/ZnS [29], CdS/ZnS [30], CdSe/AgS [31], HgS/CdS [32], PbS/CdS [33, 34], CdS/HgS [35], ZnS/CdSe [36], ZnSe/CdSe [37]) and different nanocomposites nanomaterials (viz. Co/WC and Fe/TiC). Therefore, as for the NPs to be useful in biomedicine, they need to satisfy certain criteria. For in-vitro applicat ions like fluorescent staining of proteins and TEM imaging, NPs ought to trounce the traditional agents whereas having minimal toxicity. In-vivo, NPs got to be compelled to avoid non-specific interactions with plasma proteins (opsonisation) and either evade or allow uptake by the reticulo endothelial System (RES) hoping on the applying, to attain their meant target efficiently. They need to in addition maintain homogeneity and stability under physiological conditions, ideally within a good spectrum of pH. NPs carrying a payload, like drug molecules or de-oxyribonucleic acid (DNA) for cistron treatment ought to avoid premature release, at the same time should precisely deliver the load to the desired site. To accomplish these phenomenon Surface Chemistry of the NPs should be well known and modified accordingly for specific interactions with biological moieties of interest. Nanoparticles-based drug delivery system provides many blessings, like enhancing targeted drug delivery, resulting in drug-therapeutic efficiency, reduction in dosage quantity, and pharmacological characteristics. Moreover, nanoparticles additionally improve the solubility of sparingly soluble drugs,dramatically alter pharmacokinetics mechanism, enhances drug half-life by reducing immunogenicity, increases specificity towards the target cell or tissue (therefore reducing facet effects),improve bioavailability, diminishing drug metabolism, providing controllable release of therapeutic compounds and in addition the delivery of two or more drugs at an equivalent time for combination medical aid [38,39].In the field of qualitative analysis, UV, FTIR-ATR [5] shows a stimulating spectral improvement in peaks of sample analytes rendering a quicker analysis even from a trace evidences. DC magnetron sputtering of nanoparticles on noble metals like Gold and Silver on samples of forensic eviden ces viz: blood, semen, spittle and latent fingerprints shows an enhanced and improved spectrum under ultraviolet light, FTIR-ATR and UV/VIS spectrum measurement devices. The spectral improvement is a result of Quantum confinement effect [40] of nanoparticles. This article is split into three sections of: Pharmaceutical applications, Engineering and Technology and additionally the foremost expected field of forensic investigation. The article in addition presents current and futuristic market potential for Nanomedicine and numerous different nanoelectronic devices and its impetus impact on humanity. 2. Pharmaceutical Applications of nanoparticles The potential application of nanoparticles is in the field of Nanomedicine. Nanomedicine as the name indicates is the branch of nanotechnology that deals with medical application of engineered nanotechnology. Though, the definition of nanotechnology and Nanomedicine continues to be an open debatable field, contention and brain storming among academicians and industrialists; we might wish to advocate wide accepted definitions by variety of the reputed regulatory authorities, research institutes and government agencies across the world. United States Food and Drug Administration (USFDA) outline nanotechnology as: Technology which allows scientists to create, explores, envision, and manipulate materials scaled in nanometers (10-9 m). Such engineered materials can have an entirely different set of properties (physical, chemical and biological) that dissent from those of their larger counterparts [41]. National Institute of health in its ‘National Institutes of Health Roadmap for Medical research in Nanomedicine programme’ defines Nanomedicine as: â€Å"An offshoot of nanotechnology, [which] refers to highly specific medical interventions at the molecular scale for curing disease or repairing damaged tissues, such as bone, muscle, or nerve† [42]. European Science Foundation’s (ESF) Forward Look Nanomedicine program has given comprehensive definition of Nanomedicine as: Nanomedicine uses a set of nano-sized tools for the diagnosing, preventing and treating of disease and to gain insight and in-depth understanding of some of the complex underlying patho-physiology of disease. The ultimate goal is to improve the quality-of-life [43]. Since last two decades Nanotechnology has evolved as the most promising engineering technology in novel drug delivery systems and in diagnostic techniques. The very fact may be determined by the number of promising Nanomedicine candidates approved by completely different regulatory authorities across the world for these applications. The Nanomedicine here represents umbrella term that covers the molecules at a lower place the scale of one thousand nm in at least one dimension and has potential applications among the subsequent fields: Advanced and targeted drug delivery Real time imaging and diagnosis Regenerative drugs. 2.1  Nanoparticles for site dependent and targeted Drug Delivery The size confluence of nanoparticles with proteins is the major reason that nanoparticles are widely used in therapeutic applications [63]. Their huge surface area provides a binding site for displaying surface functional groups like ligand. Moreover, they possess a speedy absorption and unleash behavior provided by high skills of their diffusion and surface modification. Nanoparticles in its synthesized form are rarely used in biomedical application on account of its inherent properties viz: cytotoxicity and high surface charge. Their high toxicity destroys healthy cells and enormous surface charge renders them highly unstable prohibiting its medical application. Therefore, the particle size and surface characteristics of nanoparticles are in general tailored or controlled to suite user needs and medical interests. Some distinguished examples of surface modification of nanoparticles are covalent binding between surface and functional molecules or polymers, electrochemical sensors: a dded gold NPs and halloysite nanocomposites [44] and layer-by-layer (L-b-L) self assembly. Whereas organic, inorganic or organic/inorganic hybrid materials are used for the fabrication of nanoparticles, polymeric nanoparticles have in