Speech as Xerxes

Greetings, subjects. My reign was sufficient and completely beneficial to the Persian society, I deserve this power as even Herodetus the Greek writer said with â€Å"among all these immense numbers there was not a man who, for stature and noble bearing, was more worthy than Xerxes to wield so vast a power. I deserved to take the throne, and it was Ahuramazda's will. Other sons of Darius there were, but thus unto Ahura-Mazda was the desire – Darius my father made me the greatest after himself.When my father Darius went away from the throne, by the will of Ahura-Mazda I became king on my fathers throne. I am of royal decent and Achmaenid blood runs through me as I am Xerxes, the great king, king of kings, king of lands, containing many men, king in this great earth far and wide, son of Darius the king, an Achaemenid, a Persian, son of the Persian, an Aryan, of Aryan seed. I have legitimate reason to access the throne. Greek writers have depicted me as an impetuous, arrogant an d sadistic madman.But this is the view of a Greek, not only are the Greeks inferior to me but they are also not going to give an accurate description, and are of course going to be bias. I destroyed parts of their beloved homeland so their views of me can be somewhat inaccurate because of their anger towards me. Greek writers have spoken of me as having negative aspects, but my inscriptions throughout my kingdom say otherwise as I take the good virtues that have been bestowed upon me by Ahura-Mazda. I took care of the revolts in both Egypt and Babylonia swiftly and successfully, with proper actions undertaken to teach the inhabitants a lesson.Egypt lost the privilige of self-government and local autonomy, and even though the Babylonians revolted twice because the first punishment wasn't as harsh, the second time they revolted they lost their Gods and in effect this stopped the revolts in the future. Greek writers described my actions towards the revolts as trying to crush their reli gions without thought, but they failed to mention that it is general practice of rulers in dealing with rebellious countries to destroy sanctuaries.As said in an inscription in Persepolis, when my father Darius went away from the throne, I became king on his throne by the grace of Ahuramazda. After I became king, I finished what had been done by my father, and I added other works. The palace through my building program became twice as big as it was in Darius's reign, there was an innovative design shown in Persepolis with the staircases for example. The palace was not a permenant residentual place, but rather an administrative centre and focus for religious ritual with there also being inscriptions that give details of religion.For the war on Greece, the correct decision was made that they must be punished for their assistance in the Ionians revolt so I made preperations for invasion over 4 years. First I decided to take diplomatic measures, so I sent out envoys to demand earth and water from the Greeks. But because Athens and Sparta were my target, I decided best not to ask for their submission but to just punish them and lay the assault on them. I demanded for my subjects of the provinces to send men for the army I was sending, this army was the largest in recorded history said by Herodetus and further determined by modern historians.I decided that the soldiers of my army needed easier movement, so there was a bridge at Hellespont built over the years in preperation. There was the matter of supplies and food for the many warriors that would travel to Greece, so supply depots were set up for easy access of supplies while travelling or waiting. I then entrusted the Egyptians with the task to make the materials to build a bridge across the Strymon River, the bridge was close to the supply depot at Eion. My father previously sent his ships to Greece unaware of the weather conditions, this resulted in a storm sinking the ships.I learnt from this mistake and built a canal at Mt Athos so the Persian ships could safely pass through. The attack on Greece began at Thermopylae and the cowards hid in the mountains not willing to fight with honor. It was then by the will of Ahura-Mazda that a Greek called Ephialtes came to me and spoke of a mountain pass that allowed us to surround the Greeks and crush their inferior soldiers, Herodetus told the story of the Battle of Thermopylae. After this victory I was then deceived by a Greek who told me that the Greeks were leeing, so the fleet was sent to Salamis and was ambushed unfairly. It was at this defeat I thought it best to retreat and protect the bridges which was the smarter decision in the situation, after this decision was made I left Mardonius in command of the forces and returned to Persia. To carry out my father's legacy I inherrited his foreign policy in which I was expected to further expand the Persian empire. The three things I was required to do through the foreign policy was to punish the Greeks, further expand empire the and to gain personal glory as my predecessors had done.Through the Greek campaign I accomplished the task that was inherrited, I punished the Athenians and burnt their city so my real goal was achieved, I also further expanded the empire to the East with the addition of provinces such as Thrace and Macedonia and I also added territory in the most distant Eastern provinces. Through the building program personal glory was in an obvious way achieved, and the palace in Perespolis showed this and left an impression even after my reign finished. It was also said by J.L O'Neil that I wasn't interested in military affairs and preferred building activities. Religious policy was properly taken out, as said in an inscription written by myself is that I copied the religion of my father Darius who recognised Ahuramazda as the supreme creator or God. More importantly, I recognise that I was king through the favor of Ahuramazda which was also said in an inscripti on. Doing this made religion an important political dimension and through this I was an instrument of Ahura-Mazda.I strengthened the religion shown in the â€Å"daeva† inscription which eliminated other Gods and made the â€Å"demon† Gods no longer worshipped. I was successful in what was expected of me as a Persian ruler, I demonstrated that I was fit to rule the empire and I continued my fathers legacy. Inscriptions throughout Persia said that even after the retreat from Greece my subjects still respected me and thought of me as a great king, showing that the loss did not damage Persian society.

Gay Marriage Should Be Legal

Gay marriage should be legalized. Our civil rights and the Constitution give us many liberties. One of our civil liberties is the pursuit of happiness, which homosexual people are not allowed to chase. They cannot be married to the person they love and it violates their freedoms. According to professorshouse. com, â€Å"In Alaska, Nevada, Montana, Oregon, Utah, Nebraska, Missouri, Michigan, North Dakota, Ohio, Kentucky, Oklahoma, Kansas, Louisiana, Arkansas, Georgia, Mississippi, Texas, and Alabama, not only is gay marriage banned, but so are civil partnerships.   The 1st amendment of the Constitution states that a person’s religious beliefs or a lack of thereof must be protected. Legislatures also cannot discriminate against marriages of the minority party which, homosexual people fall into that category. There is also an amendment stating there is separation of church and state, so you cannot declare that a marriage is a gift from God. Others might ask why gay marriage sh ould be legalized, but my question is this: why should other people be able to choose who marries who? If a man and a woman get married, no one seems to care.They are two people who feel affection for one another and those two people want to start a family. If we change the scenario a little bit and a man and a man, or a woman and a woman, try to get married it causes uproar. They are not allowed to be married or raise a family together. Imagine waking up one day to a world that was completely opposite from the world we went to sleep in, meaning gay people are now straight and all straight people are now gay. Do you think the newly straight people would fight for the newly homosexual people’s rights?America is the land of the free, but we are not free to marry whomever we would like. After everything straight people have put homosexual people through, in this scenario, homosexual people would most likely vote for their rights because they would want their rights to be voted f or. We are equals in this world whether we are Black, White, Hispanic, Indian, or any other race for that matter. Why should we not be equals based on sexual orientation? In a marriage there is one thing that truly matters: love.Yes, other things are important too, but not one couple would make it to even asking someone to marry them if there was not some love. Las Vegas, Nevada is also known for being the place where many weddings occur which are annulled within one week. These marriages are not based off love, but simply a drunken night in Vegas. High divorce rates weaken what a marriage is defined as. Why are we not able to rewrite what a marriage stands for and make it include a homosexual marriage? The definition of love, according to dictionary. com is as follows: â€Å"Very strong affection: an intense feeling of tender affection and compassion. If gay people feel this way then why shouldn’t they be able to be married? If they are happy with each other, said persons s hould be able to marry. California, Hawaii, New York, and the District of Columbia all have domestic partnership laws and civil partnerships meaning it is almost a marriage without the matrimony. Civil partnerships also give couples the ability to have joint bank accounts, live in the same house, and pay bills together. Homosexual couples are not entitled to this in most states. Marriage benefits should be available to all couples, no matter what.In places where gay marriages are banned, the gay couples are not able to have the same benefits as others. When filing for health care or insurance through a job, gay couples are not able to add each other on. Most loved ones, such as a spouse or a child, in a straight marriage, can make life altering decisions in a hospital if need be. Since gay marriage is not legal, said person’s spouse is not recognized as their next of kin and care is delayed. Who would be affected if homosexual marriage was legalized? No one. Everyone believes there is one person who is out there to love us.Gay people feel the same way. Parenthood is a benefit of marriage and gay couples cannot have children by themselves, without some type of help, so they look to adoption agencies. In some cases gay couples are put on longer waiting lists or denied completely. There are other benefits to being married as well, such as tax breaks. On the website professorshouse. com it reads, â€Å"When we hit our mid-thirties, we wanted only true friendships- friendships that were durable. † This is a perfect example of matrimony and what it should be based on. . According to dictionary. om a marriage is, â€Å"The legal or religious ceremony that formalizes the decision of two people to live as a married couple, including the accompanying social festivities. † If this is a marriage why are gay people not included in this? Even though gay marriage should be legalized, some people have different beliefs. In most religions including, Christ ianity, Islam, and Orthodox Judaism same sex preferences are a sin. People believe in procreation to repopulate the world, but are against gay marriage and homosexuals adopting children because they cannot procreate on their own.If this is a stand point on making or breaking gay marriage then only people who are fertile and want to procreate should be able to get married according to this bias. America has never really given gay marriage a chance, but they believe gay marriage will weaken its institution by leading to high divorce rates. On loveandpride. com I read, â€Å"One reason legislatures are denying gay marriage is because they are fearful that opening the door to allowing gay marriages will open the door to polygamy as well. This would also mean reopening cases about polygamy in the past which they are not willing to do. Others are fearful for children’s futures and they fear being raised by two fathers or by two mothers may compromise children’s mental capac ities. Even though to most people gay marriage should be illegal and should stay in its current state, I believe we need to change the world for future generations. We feared that different religions were going to clash, but now all of the religions coexist. White people had Black and Hispanic slaves, but we overcame the odds and now White men, Black men, and Hispanic men can be equals.If it is possible to overcome such fierce obstacles then we can overcome the boundary obstructing gay marriages and straight marriages alike. Gay marriage should be legalized for these reasons. Evolution will always continue and at any given point in time, something will occur that we will not like in this world, but we can overcome this. Gay marriage is a controversial issue that people have been fighting for years and it has finally come to the surface. We should take charge of it.

Autonomous Tennis Ball Picker Robot

Autonomous Tennis Ball Picker Robot The basic purpose of this project is to provide opportunity and benefit to the sports players. They can do more practice in less time with the help of this robot. Various different electronic devices were used to pick the tennis ball or any other ball. It is not so easy for any tennis player to pick a ball lot of times during practice. It affects his practice and time.Autonmous tennis ball picker robot will save the time of a player. He can do more practice in less time. This robot is not only for a tennis player .it is easy to use and cost effective. Our design is not only for tennis, it can also be used in other sports involving balls of similar size. Chapter 1: Introduction: In the tennis and sports equipment market, there are very few advanced electronic devices assisting in the feeding and picking of tennis balls or any other kind of balls. Tennis players do not prefer picking up over five hundred balls after a long day’s worth of drilling, or a baseball player would not enjoy picking up over five hundred baseballs on the ground from batting practice. As a result, our solution is an autonomous ball-picker device that is easy-to-use and cost-effective. Our design can be used for a variety of sports besides tennis, involving balls of similar size and weight. Chapter 2: Literature Review This Chapter is a review of the background material. This includes comparison of previous devices used for same purpose. it also includes the way how this robot is more effective then previous.? Chapter 3: Modeling and Design This Chapter describes the modeling of different parts of our robot. And all the various other Design decisions and selections made throughout the course of the project. Chapter 4: Experimental setup This Chapter describes in detail the techniques used in our robot. It contains the detection of the ball, design of user interface and all other aspects of the project. Chapter 5: Results and Discussion This chapter provides a result of the project i n which the key points of the project are Discussed and any specific conclusions are drawn Chapter 6: Recommendation This chapter is an analysis of the project in terms of overall performance and working. It also contains overview and recommendation of experts Chapter 1 Introduction Professional tennis matches can last upward of 3 hours, often with little more than 10 minute of rest in- Between sets .The need to train for such endurance matches becomes difficult without a partner of Adequate skill. For decades, tennis players have been using automatic tennis ball launching machines to train without the need of a partner. Therefore, it is determined that using current technology, a player will spend ~35%of the total time collecting tennis ball, and not training. This is a large proportion of the time, and needs to be reduced to truly emulate a tennis match. There are certain method of automatically collecting tennis ball ,as will be investigated in section 3 – Proposed Solutio n ,but the e are not portable, and require extensive modification to the tennis court.

IBM Management Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 36

IBM Management - Case Study Example As the paper highlights, employees in an organization do not want to do away with their culture and values. This paper discusses the human resource challenges that the wandering tribe poses to IBM and the possible reactions of employees to the system. One of the major human resource challenges is for the IBM is to accommodate the varied labor force by meeting their varying needs and cultures. Some of the challenges IBM faces include different countries’ legislations, the firm’s global culture, and obsolescing skills due to swift changes in technology. IBM operates in different countries globally (IBM). As such, it has to abide to the unique laws and regulations of each of the countries as well as ensure that employees in all the countries comply to set regulations. IBM has to train its workforce to ensure that they swiftly adapt to any technological advances. This would ensure employees’ skills do not become obsolete. Additionally, IBM faces internal challenge within the organization. The Organization does not have a physical space where it can control workers since it uses telecommuting concepts in its operations. Even though IBM saves $ 12 million annually in physical space cost (IBM), sustaining the organi zation’s values and culture is a major challenge due to the diverse labor force that is dispersed all over the world. Since employees can work from their homes, direct control is a major issue due to the difficulties of monitoring the activities of the workers. Additionally, motivation of employees can also become problematic. Employees will always react to an organization’s structure and policy as any changes within the working environment directly affects them. IBM employees may feel that the organization’s wandering tribe is suitable and beneficial for them while others may find the wandering tribe unsuitable.

Fianal paper paragraph Thesis Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Fianal paper paragraph - Thesis Example The director Kenji Mizoguchi reveals how the young woman Asai tries to refuse the advances made by her boss at the pharmaceutical company. It emerges that the young woman represents the responsible Japanese women, who believes in moral actions but is failed by her own and family’s conditions, an aftermath of war. Asai’s father‘s drinking habits, which has put the family in a deplorable financial situations represents irresponsibility. It is notable that, the irresponsibility has compelled Asai to work and sustain her brother in school. In addition, Asai has tried to settle many of her father’s debts. However, Asai’s weakness and irresponsibility is indicated when she joins prostitution, a form of sexual violence, to sustain the family needs. The effect of this is soon realized as she is finally arrested and jailed. Violent scenes and occurrences are associated with traumatic stress afterwards. This research aims at examining violence and how it causes traumatic stress among people living in the affected areas. It focuses on explaining how violence is directly associated with stress and the effects that this resulting stress causes to the development and well-being of a society. In the stated film, the themes reveal the mind of the producer and the director. This film reveals a strong thematic expression, which entails the aspects of trauma, violence and responsibility. This paper intends to examine the aspect of violence and its resulting traumatic effects as it is expressed in the film. In addition, the effects of violence and trauma during and after the war shall be investigated in this study as well as how the Japanese people managed to cope up with other unforeseen resultant effects. It is imperative to note that, this film represents the ordinariness of the environment after the bomb. The film reveals how the Japanese people though stressed and traumatized, focused to build their

Impression Evidence Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Impression Evidence - Essay Example It includes fingerprints, footwear impressions, tire impressions, bite marks, firearms and tool marks. Bare foot impression, tire impression and footwear impression evidences are very little used forms of evidence and often overlooked. This is basically due to lack of an aggressive attitude for the detection and recovery of this evidence. Impression evidence differs according to the surface on which impression are put down. The differences can make collection, presentation, identification and analysis of impression evidence difficult. Generally, impression evidence is produced when object or stamped or pressed against one another, which allow the object to retain and transfer characteristic from one another. It can be divided in to two categories. i.e. two dimensional and three-dimensional. While the former has measurement of the width and length, the latter has three measurements; length, depth and width. Finger print impression is an impression of the friction ridges of any or all parts of the finger. Friction ridges are â€Å"the hairless parts of the body--the inner surfaces of the hands and the soles of the feet--are covered with patterns formed by raised ridges of skin known as friction or papillary ridges.† (Hunter, Ian). Finger print identification is also called dactyloscopy. It is the process of analyzing questioned and non friction skin ridge impression from palms, fingers and toes to determine whether the impressions are from the same finger, toe or palm. (Ashbaugh, David R. (1991). Vol . 41). No two finger or palm prints are identical due to the flexibility of friction ridge. Finger print identification finds out whether two friction ridge impressions are originated from the same finger or palm or toe or sole or not. Latent print is the accidental impression left by friction ridge skin on a surface. Chemical, Electronics and physical processing methods allow

Awaiting Health Laws Prognosis Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Awaiting Health Laws Prognosis - Article Example The majority of the population was not affected by these limits; because even though healthcare is getting more expensive everyday it is uncommon for a human to need over a million dollars in medical treatments over their lifetime. Despite this premise there are certain catastrophic illnesses such as cancer and hemophilia whose medical treatment costs are astronomical. For instance in 2010 Alex All clotting medicine treatment costs $800,000 to treat his hemophilia condition. The new legislation has eliminated the lifetime limit coverage heath plans were imposing on subscribers. This new governmental policy will help thousands of patients who have serious illnesses that require expensive treatments. It will provide them the opportunity to get the health treatment they need without the worry that the plan will cut them off after a certain cap threshold. The quality of life of these patients will greatly improve as result of the new policy. The implication of the policy does have economic consequences for the healthcare market as a whole. Some of these catastrophic illnesses have costs that are so high that they could have a severe impact in the medical cost inflation rate in the United States. Take for example Alex’s condition. He is only 22 years old. If he lives to be 80 years of age the total cost of his treatment over the next 58 years will be $54.4 million assuming the treatment costs stays constant. This assumption is not realistic due to the fact the US medical costs inflation rate is 3.6% which implies the medical the accumulative medical expenses are likely to exceed $100 million over the patients lifetime (Forecast-chart, 2011). The lifetime medical caps prior to the policy change were a cost control mechanism that was very effective. The market efficiency is disrupted by the implementation of the policy. The new rules of the game are going to have an inflationary effect in the long term as these catastrophic patients are

The USA Involvement in Mali Conflict Research Paper

The USA Involvement in Mali Conflict - Research Paper Example The reason that could support the USA involvement in the Malian conflict is the fact that Mali has been identified as an emerging new hub for terrorism (Teichmann, 2013). Reports have indicated that the al-Qaeda wing that is operating in Mali was responsible for the Algerian attacks, which greatly impacted on the country, and caused it a great deal of instability. The effect of the war in Mali, courtesy of the Jihadist and other militant rebels can already be felt, to a significant level. The United Nations agency that handles refugees has been calling for an international community engagement in resolving the conflict, citing the Humanitarian crisis that has been experienced in the country since the war began. According to UNHCR, hundreds of thousands of the Malian population in the northern region have been displaced, while many others have been killed in the conflict and yet more others abused (Watt & Harding, 2013). This concern raises the need for the USA to consider engaging in the Malian conflict, just to help bring the war to a speedy end, and thus help to rescue millions of the Malian civilians who are suffering in the hands of the militants, as well as those being displaced and committed to suffer as refugees in the neighboring countries. According to the UNHCR statistics, more than 150,000 people have been forced to flee out of Mali, while another 230,000 are now living as internally displaced persons within the country (Perry, 2013). This trend is alarming, following the consideration that it is the international community that is responsible for giving aid to such people, through the international humanitarian agencies, such as the UNHCR.  The rebels and the insurgent militants have also given the USA more reasons to engage in the Malian conflict. The Jihadists and the Rebels have been involved in taking hostages most of the people from the western powers living or serving in Mali, as the aids assistants to the people who are affected by the war (Huff Post, 2013).

Health Law and Ehtics Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Health Law and Ehtics - Assignment Example To facilitate and examine ethics in nursing and the health industry at large, this paper will concisely will discuss the deep origins of healthcare ethical healthy behavior. It also seeks to analyze some of the ethical issues in healthcare among them, refusal to care, beneficence, autonomy, non-male-ficence and justice (Lo, 2013). Ethical decision-making is crucial in the healthcare industry when it comes to addressing issues, conflicts and uncertainties concerning opposing values such as individual, organizational, professional and communal values. The ability to influence decisions on patient-care largely depends on the ethical guidelines provided. To avoid ethical dilemmas, there should be clearly spelt procedures and guidelines aimed at supporting ethical decision-making (Krueger & Stein, 2010). There are a number of significant challenges facing health care organizations among them rising public expectations, growing financial pressures, safety of patients, issues of quality improvement, mergers and consolidations, health care reform among others. These factors have placed healthcare firms under much stress and pressure. They have also intensified ethical concerns and conflicts. These challenges call for ethical decision-making by the parties involved (Curtin, 2011). Ethics is a very significant field to an organization’s mission as well as towards achieving the main goal. Health care executives and managers should demonstrate the significance of ethical standards in their own actions as well as looking for ways of integrating ethical practices within an organizational culture. A healthcare organization should create an ethical environment by (Krueger & Stein, 2010): The capability of an organization to realize its full potential within the market place will largely depend on knowledge, motivation, skills as well as ethical values and

Sociology of community Race and Inequality in Postwar Detroit Essay

Sociology of community Race and Inequality in Postwar Detroit - Essay Example This paper will examine how housing segregation, workplace discrimination and deindustrialization combined over a period of slightly more than twenty five years to fuel one of the most destructive acts of civil disturbance in the country's history and contribute to the city's slow, painful decline. Naturally, the origins of this "urban crisis" can be traced back before World War II. But race riots in 1943 and 1967 provide a convenient frame for the phenomena Sugrue attributes to Detroit's decline. The people of Detroit, black and white, who became the major players in this modern tragedy largely came to the city in the Great Migration between 1916 and 1929, with a later influx during and just after WWII. Oddly enough, the racial conflicts the author describes were not carried to the city by migrants from the South eager to install Jim Crow laws in the North; instead, as Sugrue argues, "The racial politics were thoroughly homegrown" (212). Attached as they were to the personal factors of job availability and home ownership, the city's destructive racial politics can also be laid at the door of the American Dream -- and to other American Dreamers who could not or would not be persuaded to share. However, Sugrue is careful to point out that federal, state and local policies and po litics, including measures meant to enforce equality, helped in no small measure to further divide black and white Detroiters by race, class and employment status. Signs of trouble in Detroit were visible long before the riots of the late '60s, or the election of Mayor Coleman Young, or the gas crisis and the resulting American automotive industry crisis of the 1970s. Even as Detroit boomed from the industrial mobilization of WWII and the auto-driven economic expansion afterward, pervasive discrimination in the workplace and the housing market along strict racial lines thwarted sustained economic prosperity for the thousands of African Americans. Detroit and other major Northern cities went, as Sugrue describes, "from magnets of opportunity to reservations for the poor" (4) for reasons largely misunderstood or ignored, even by historians and social observers, who often seem to blame the victims or the federal aid programs of the Great Society and the War on Poverty. Instead, Sugrue also argues, it was New Deal policies and how they were applied by state and local politicians that helped ignite not black militancy, but a pervasive and radical " whiteness" that resisted equality for blacks in the workplace and the housing market as their God- and state-given right. Detroit, though examined as a case study applicable to other cities as well, is atypical in many ways that may have served to make bad situations worse. It was heavily reliant on the automotive and related industries, and lacked a significant presence of other racial minorities (13). Its ethnic communities, largely different European groups, quickly merged into a cohesive, blue-collar, home-owning "white American" culture by the 1920s, one bolstered frequently through independent union shops and churches that bucked larger social trends toward equality and civil rights. Even during the Depression years, Detroit's industrial economy chugged on, immortally captured in the epic murals of painter Diego Rivera. When WWII demanded a quick industrial mobilization, Detroit was ready physically; despite the association with the automobile, more than 40

Statement of Purpose Essay Example for Free

Statement of Purpose Essay My country, India, is on the threshold of hectic development in infrastructure like roads, bridges, highways, expressways etc. India is in a tearing hurry to make up the lost time and catch up with the developed world and achieving better standard of living. Civil engineering will play a major role in changing the face of Indian Panorama. When we go for modern bridges, high rise buildings or ultra-modern condominiums; structural engineering will form the center stage of engineering development. Being the son of an engineer who is running a construction company in Mumbai for past 25 years, the exposure to civil engineering was available to me from my childhood. This field fascinated me, when I used to join my father during vacations on his projects. Thus, as far as future career was concerned, I had already decided that I should carry on the business established by my father. Only aim was that I would like to reach much greater heights in scope, expanse and technology. During my schooling and college days, where I had high academic profile, I was focused on opting for civil engineering and when I got an admission for undergraduate studies in a premier Institute like S. P. College of Engineering, which is reckoned next to IIT’s in stature and standing, I was extremely happy and decided to make the best of the opportunities offered. I found structural engineering subject very interesting as it forms the heart of any structure, be it building, bridge or highway. In my final year project, I got an opportunity to study the construction of the tallest buildings being built by a premier construction company of Mumbai. These 60 storey high rises will be the tallest in Mumbai. I was exposed to modern construction methods and management and the use of modern equipments. I could see the use of concrete batching plant (which is seldom used in India) and tower cranes on this site. For the first time, I learnt how quality control of materials is carried out to ensure safe and efficient construction, or the steps taken to improve ground stability like rock bolting and guniting etc. This project gave me an insight in how much development has taken place in civil engineering. It has firmed up my resolve to do graduate studies in structural engineering, get in-depth knowledge and exposure in the field and later, develop family construction business further. Your University with its excellent facilities, highly qualified faculty and worldclass infrastructure is the right place for pursuing graduate studies in structural engineering and if given a chance, I shall make the best out of it.

Effective Communication Essay Example for Free

Effective Communication Essay Effective communication is essential in any workplace, especially within a criminal justice organization. In this paper, the author will discuss the process of verbal and nonverbal communication and the associated components of each, the differences between listening and hearing in communication, the formal and informal channels of communication in criminal justice organizations and the strategies that may be implemented to overcome communication barriers therein. Types of Communication and the Process Involved  Communication is defined as â€Å"a process involving several steps, among two or more persons, for the primary purpose of exchanging information. † (Wallace Roberson, 2009). This process can involve two types of communication: verbal and nonverbal. Verbal Verbal communication includes transmitting information orally. This type of communication can involve sharing information or exchanging ideas between two people or a group. Speaking is just one aspect of verbal communication. Verbal communication does not solely involve the sender transmitting the message to the receiver. Verbal communication also involves listening from the receiver and giving feedback to the sender as a confirmation that the message was understood. In a criminal justice organization, â€Å"oral communication skills are necessary to talk with members of the general public, request assistance from other officers, advise suspects of their Miranda rights, and inform supervisors that certain actions have occurred. † (Wallace Roberson, 2009). Being an officer requires a lot of verbal communication to fulfill some of the essential duties of working in law enforcement. Nonverbal Nonverbal communication includes written communication via reports, memorandums, notes from meetings, notes taken from accounts between officers and witnesses, victims, suspects, etc. Nonverbal can also include facial expressions. Facial expressions and body language oftentimes are used to convey emotions when words are absent. The Process of Communication The process of communication involves transmitting an idea, sending the idea through a medium (verbal/nonverbal), receiving the message, understanding the idea, and providing feedback to the message sender. The first step of transmitting an idea â€Å"implies the formation of one or several thoughts and the desire to express these ideas†. (Wallace Roberson, 2009). The next step involves choosing a method of communicating that idea. This can be done through verbal or nonverbal communication. Despite what method is used, it is imperative to know who the audience is and decide what tone the message is to be delivered. The tone, especially with oral communication, can make a world of a difference in how the receiver interprets the message. When the receiver then receives the message, his interpretation may not be how the message was originally intended to be received. The understanding of the idea or message relies strongly on interpretation of the person receiving the message. The process is then completed when the receiver provides feedback to the message sender by clarifying what he or she understood and then agreeing or disagreeing with the message itself. All these steps are part of the communication process, if one step fails then the communication becomes ineffective and invaluable. Listening vs. Hearing  According to the American Heritage College Dictionary, the word hearing is defined as â€Å"the sense by which sound is perceived; the capacity to hear† (2009). Hearing can include the capacity to hear the audio of the message being received and the words being enunciated, but it cannot ensure whether the message was indeed understood. Hearing is only one part of the communication process. The ability to comprehend by actually listening to what is being said, understanding the message by using the aids such as tone, facial expressions and body language completes this process. Active listening is important to effective communication. Channels of Communication Channels of communication in a criminal justice organization help demonstrate how the information flows from one person or group to another. The flow of communication or channels can include formal or informal methods. Formal Formal channels of communication include orders, directives and written memorandums that follow a chain of command. Communication in this scenario usually flows downward from the highest level of the totem pole, such as a police chief down to its subordinates. This type of channel of communication has both its advantages and disadvantages. The advantage of using a formal channel promote uniformity within the department. All officers, despite their rank, receive the same information. The disadvantage of using formal channels is that it sometimes stops the free flow of communication. If this channel type of communication is used it does not leave much room for officers to exchange freely any information within their department. That is to say that patrol officers usually are not encouraged to communicate amongst their peers but rather just receive instruction from their superiors. This hinders the department because officers are not encouraged to help one another, communicate with each other and possibly provide or exchange crucial information that might help them execute their responsibilities. Informal Informal channels of communication include â€Å"unofficial routes of communication within a law enforcement agency. These channels do not appear on any organizational chart, and they may not be officially sanctioned by the department. † (Wallace Roberson, 2009). This type of communication usually allows a free flow of information within all those employed in criminal justice organization. The direction of communication usually does not go up or down the ladder of chain of command. It opens up and encourages communication between officers and the different departments that make up the law enforcement agency. It promotes the sharing of information amongst peers that may ultimately contribute to successfully completing their duty of serving and protecting the community together as a team. Barriers to Effective Communication There are many barriers to effective communication. These barriers include emotional, physical and semantic barriers. Ineffective listening can also be construed as an important barrier as well. Emotional barriers can include an officer having low self esteem. This officer in question perhaps feels the need to refrain from communicating anything because he lacks self-confidence and is afraid to be put down by his peers. Many agencies have confronted this type of barrier by providing peer support groups so that they can work together to break these feelings of insecurity and promote a sense of trust. Physical barriers can breakdown communication. Physical barriers can include the use of faulty equipment where messages cannot be transmitted from one to another because the radio transmitters are not working or the computers in the vehicles or in the office are down. Having readily available and working technological equipment can help with communication between officers. Other types of physical barriers is perhaps the distance between officers when they are communicating. Shortening the distance can help provide a feeling of camaraderie and trust. Semantics involve the selection of words you choose to aid you with your communication. Obviously if you choose the wrong word, the communication will not be as effective and the entire message can be misread. Ineffective listening can also play a role in hindering the communication process. If one is not engaged in the speaker because perhaps they do not find the speaker or his/her topic interesting enough, or perhaps you already have your biases or set opinions on what is being said and so your are listening with a closed mind, this can lend to ruining the communication between you and the sender. Strategies to Overcome Barriers In order to overcome the above mentioned barriers, you must first understand what kind of barrier is preventing the flow of communication. Once pinpointing the type of barrier you can proceed to try and remove those barriers so that you can become an effective communicator. Emotional barriers can be dealt with by working on self improvement such as going to counseling for depression or self esteem issues can help. Law enforcement agencies can provide help with finding the right person to talk to or by providing a peer support group you can join to help deal with these types of emotional barriers. Physical barriers can be handled by ensuring that all equipment used within the department is adequately functioning and therefore the lines of communication can remain open. If the physical barrier involves distance between officers, then that distance needs to be shortened so that the communication between these officers allows for better exchange between them. Barriers that involve semantics can be improved upon by going to school or studying grammar, and word selection. The internet is a great way to explore tools that can help with improving your communication skills with words. Identifying what barriers are preventing someone from exchanging information and finding appropriate solutions to overcome these challenges will ensure a better and more effective way of communicating. Conclusion As children we learned early on how to communicate first without words then learning to speak and finally learning to write. Communication is a vital part of life. Without proper communication, the exchange of ideas and messages cannot be conveyed between people in either a personal or professional setting. Communication within a criminal justice organization is just as important. Learning how the process of communication works and identifying the barriers that breakdown this communication are tools that are needed. Communication is crucial to helping overall with the execution of law enforcement.

Sustainability Standards In Events Organizations

Sustainability Standards In Events Organizations In November 2007 we witnessed the release of BS8901 Event Management Standard on sustainability. This new standard was aimed at helping to improve the management systems in the events industry and thereby conduct business in a more sustainable manner. Amongst the earliest people to adopt the standard are the 2012 London Olympic Games Organizing committee. This being to oversee the tender process for the Olympic Games. BS8901 has received wide acclaim from a number of early sponsors in the events industry i.e. Live Earth, Manchester International Festival, Lords Cricket Ground and Reeds Carpets etc. BSI British Standards provides a system for managing the overall environmental, economic and social impact of an event. BS 8901 is a new standard which sets out the requirements for planning and managing a sustainable event. (Fulton) The DEFRA Minister Hillary Benn has been an immediate supporter of BS 8901 and the concept of sustainability. He was quoted as saying Lots of us love to attend music festivals and football matches but they can produce a lot of rubbish. We all have to play our part in the move to more sustainable living. (Benn). In addition to the national standard there is also the development of ISO 20121 that is being developed and finalized for the Olympic Games in 2012. The standard (ISO 20121) will take a management systems approach requiring identification of key sustainability issues like venue selection, operating procedures, supply chain management, procurement, communications, transport, and others. (Lazarte) The new ISO standard is expected to make a significant contribution to the entire event industry in the UK and Elizabeth Henderson the Director of Social and Corporate responsibility at media firm MPI stated As sustainability is becoming increasingly important for the event industry, individuals, companies and countries are setting multiple and differing standards. ISO 20121 will be developed with extensive stakeholder engagement so the industry can have one internationally recognized framework to implement sustainability (Lazarte). DEFINITIONS Definitions of sustainability in the event industry include: An enduring and balanced approach to economic activity, environmental responsibility and social progress (Sustainable Events) There are broader definitions of sustainability as this can be applied in a number of other very different contexts. These additional contexts are explored below with definitions provided by leaders in that particular field. Sustainable Development : Sustainability encompasses the simple principle of taking from the earth only what it can provide indefinitely, thus leaving future generations no less than we have access to ourselves. Friends of the Earth http://www.foe-scotland.org.uk/ Sustainable Society: Society whose long term prospect for continuing to exist are good. Such a society would be characterized by an emphasis on preserving the environment, developing strong peaceful relationships between people and nations, and an emphasis on equitable distribution of wealth. Coop America Quarterly, No. 37 Summer 1995. Sustainable Production: Sustainable Production is the creation of goods and services using processes and systems that are: non-polluting; conserving of energy and natural resources; economically efficient; safe and healthful for workers, communities, and consumers; and, socially and creatively rewarding for all working people. http://www.uml.edu/centers/LCSP/ Sustainable Agriculture: farmers in sustainable agriculture are concerned about feeding their families and paying their bills, but those are not their only goals in life. They set out to protect the land, improve their quality of life, and enhance the communities in which they live. Their day-to-day decisions are not guided by a single minded search for profit, but by a delicate balancing act among many goals. Land Stewardship Program, White Bear Lake Minnesota. Monitoring Sustainable Agriculture with Conventional Financial Data, http://www.landstewardshipproject.org From the above examples it can be observed that the general concept of sustainability has a wide application beyond that of event management. The Government is more concerned with sustainable environment and development matters The goal of sustainable development is to enable all people throughout the world to satisfy their basic needs and enjoy a better quality of life, without compromising the quality of life of future generations. (DEFRA). Sustainability in the event industry is really all about good management and business practice. It is important to demonstrate to key stakeholders that the event being hosted is ecofriendly and is being managed in a professional and responsible way. The 2010 Winter Olympic Games held in Vancouver Canada was a great international event but it equally left behind a lot of infrastructure and facilities that would be of benefit to the public post the games i.e. swimming pools, improved ski facilities, ice rinks, running trails etc. In essence sustainability leaves behind a lasting footprint and provides a major value added contribution to the original event. The London Olympic Games in 2012 will be no exception to this and it is already working on potential enhancements and improvements for re-generation of areas within greater London. As such it will provide a welcome boost to the local economic development of greater London. CRITICAL REVIEW OF BS8901 BS8901 has been developed entirely for the event industry. The prime objective being to make the industry operate in a more efficient manner. The standards are based around the support and build of an effective event management system. The British Standard requires those participating organisations to re-examine the efforts and impact that this event will have on the environment, society and the economy in both micro and macro conditions. From this analysis to determine a set of counter measures that will address this and help to mitigate the negative impacts. By implementing the guidelines of BS 8901 you would expect to derive the following benefits: A clear direction through the implementation of a sustainability policy; A thorough omissions check ensuring no important areas have been left out; A reduction in complaints as a result of improved communications with the key stakeholders; Better reputation through improved supplier relationships; Reduction of operating costs and elimination of waste; Improved process efficiency through streamlining and elimination of redundancies; More robust information and better decision making; A whole batch of cost reduction improvements i.e. lower training costs, lower staff turnover, improved productivity gains etc.; General increased customer satisfaction and an improved stance regarding marketing. BS8091 has changed from a specification to that of a standard focused on sustainability system for management of events This means that events do not comply with BS 8901, but that rather it is the management system behind the events that complies. The standard clarifies that it is applicable not only to event organisers, but to all organisations in the events industry, from event clients to venues, suppliers and contractors, regardless of their role in delivering events. (Whiteling). Another important aspect of the standard is that it requires the organisation to clearly define the scope of how it complies with the standard. Hence organisations must prepare a report that describes both the activities and the functions which are an integral part of the sustainable management system. Another change from the old version is that this new standard is far more process oriented. This will require a lot more communications with the key stakeholders and in general terms an improved communications plan. On the implementation side there is an increased reliance upon effective planning and particular the definition of roles and responsibilities together with milestones and timelines. Many of the ambiguities within the original version have been cleared up, and some of the confusing clauses, such as assessing options for improved event sustainability, have been removed, (Whiteling). ISO 20121 The future standard of ISO 20121 will make a significant impact to the events industry when it is released in 2012 at the eve of the London Olympic Games. The standard is aimed at providing a framework where event planners and other individuals in the supply chain can implement and maintain a sustainable program. ISO 20121 will have been designed and developed in extensive consultation with stakeholders in the events industry. It is anticipated that the standard will become the benchmark for the industry in terms of both quality and performance. The standard will adopt a management systems approach requiring identification of key sustainability issues like venue selection, operating procedures, supply chain management, procurement, communications, transport, and others (Lazarte). ISO20121 uses the BS 8091 as the starting point in order to develop a more comprehensive framework for an events sustainable management system. The global standard is intended to benefit all in the events industry and not only help in the reduction of an organizations social and environmental impact but help to streamline the operating procedures and reduce costs. An example being where energy is an identified issue, an appropriate sustainability mitigation strategy might be developing procedures that would reduce the carbon footprint. Despite the development of IS20121, the event and tourism industry is currently less sustainable than any previous time in its history. Consider the following issues: à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ We are seeing far more emissions in absolute terms; à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ With energy and land use we are seeing a lot more resource utilization; à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ We are seeing an increased loss in the contribution to bio diversity à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ The increasing contribution of tourism to that of environmental change raises considerable concern over effective sustainable policy development in this area. Another issue concerning sustainability is that it is mostly portrayed in terms of a one dimensional though process i.e. it is shown in economic terms. Hence using the London Olympic Games as an example it is mainly concerned with the hosting of that event and the impact to the UK inn terms of economic growth. There is not enough attention being paid to the costs of the longer term implication, this particularly at the time of a major recession in the UK. The BC Government in Canada was criticised for political grand-standing and committing a massive overspend on the hosting of the 2010 winter Olympics. Similarly in London this shows a considerable emphasis on international profiling and showcasing London in order to enhance its global marketing position and profile. The sustainability plan for the London Olympic Games is based upon 5 central themes: The Sustainability Plan focuses on five key themes: 1. Climate change: dealing with emissions and the impact of climate change such that there is a sustainable legacy for the future 2. Waste: The complete elimination of waste and ensuring that such a bi-product is not sent to land fill sites during the development of the games sites 3. Biodiversity: minimising the dangers on the destruction of wildlife sites and the habitats of same. Building upon the existing eco development policies leaving parks that will promote wildlife and sanctuaries. 4. Inclusion: Providing opportunities to showcase the diversity of London and market the business and commercial opportunities for the Capital 5. Healthy living: Getting people motivated towards concepts of more healthy living and taking up sports. ACCEPTANCE OF BS8901/ISO 20121 IN WIDER TERMS The concept of BS 8901 has a wide acceptance both in the UK and overseas. One of the important factors being that of long term sustainability in the urban planning of the Olympic Games. The International Olympic Committee is highly supportive of this and takes into consideration how applicant nations will incorporate this into the overall planning of the games the IOCs Olympic Study Commission in July, 2003 has recommended a number of controls to ensure that legacy is a priority in the staging of future Games. Legacy needs to be integrated and given equal weighting through all stages of Olympic planning. (Chalkey). Another example of a specific success story was the hosts of the Olympic Games in Australia in 2000. Their attention to sustainability gave them the title of the green games By committing the government to environmental guidelines based on Agenda 21 and the recommendations of the National Strategy for Ecologically Sustainable Development, the Sydney Olympics earned the unofficial title of the Green Games (Briese) The impact of BS 8091 and the subsequent development of ISO 20121 have been widely observed by other countries including Australia, Brazil and Canada. Amongst the first to take action was that of Brazil in developing the standard for use in that country Responding to wide-spread enthusiasm for BS 8901, work has now started on an international standard for event management. The proposal for the development of ISO 20121 was jointly submitted by BSI and ABNT, the Brazilian national standards body, as members of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). (Fulton) Examples of adoption of BS 8091 include the following: The Barbican, London A large conference facility in the Centre of London with 2000 seating capacity is used for hosting a wide range of events and meetings. It has recently started to implement BS8091 The centre introduced a variety of policies to improve its environmental efficiency, and won Gold at the City of London Clean City Awards 2008. The steps to this included sourcing 55 per cent of electrical energy contracts from renewable and green contracts, sourcing heating and cooling from a highly efficient, combined heat and power system. (Wyatt). Sheepdrove Eco Conference Centre, Berkshire A fully compliant BS8091 venue. A state of the art conference centre in Berkshire, greater London. Won awards for sustainability and eco considerations in its design It won the Green Venue Event Award 2008. Initiatives include using recycled or renewable materials during construction. Electricity is from 100 per cent renewable supplies, while a solar panel pre-heats water for the boilers. Its reed bed system annually recycles seven million litres of waste water. (Wyatt) The Brewery London A venue that has historical roots back to the 18th Century. Not currently BS8091 accredited but is an integral part of a larger group that has received the award. Low-energy LED lighting is used throughout, with high-powered hand-dryers and sensor lights in the bathrooms. Local produce is sourced wherever possible. The venue operates a waste management system and provides guests with filtered water in reusable bottles. (Wyatt) The ACC Liverpool ( BT Convention Centre) Not currently BS8091 certified but actively working towards certification acquisition. 1,350 seats with an adjoining area containing 11,000 seats and one of the largest UK facilities of its kind. It has 18 meeting rooms and a large area for exhibition space The  £164m venue is designed to produce half the CO2 emissions of a traditional building. The electricity supply is from a green energy provider. Five 20-metre low-noise wind turbines generate around ten per cent of the required electricity. Rainwater is collected and provides around 40 per cent of the water needed to flush toilets. The venue has won two Green Apple Awards, is about to embark on attaining IS012001 and is awaiting the outcome of a Green Business Tourism Scheme assessment. (Wyatt) Excel London A BS 8091 showcase site and one of the first to gain certification. It boasts a facility that contains over 5,000 seating capacity and in May 2010 this was expanded to 26,000 Has its own materials recycling facility, a wormery for food waste and a  £14m energy centre housing three boilers, three chillers and two back-up generators. (Wyatt) Faversham House Group One of the worlds largest independent media groups. They adopted certification of BS 8901 With ever increasing pressure from stakeholders and authorities to address sustainability, independent certification to BS 8901 will undoubtedly enhance the competitive stance and environmental credibility of any organisation involved with the events industry (BSI) Nimlok Ltd Nimlok are builders and constructors of custom exhibition stands and have a global presence in the supply of portable exhibition stands for conferences and exhibitions. Having already gained certification to ISO 9001 (Quality Management) and ISO 14001 (Environmental Management) with BSI, Nimlok recognised that BS 8901 would be an appropriate addition to its certification portfolio and would help the organisation differentiate itself from industry competitors. (BSI) Earls Court and Olympia A purpose built conference centre with BS8091 certification. All of the event managers are required to undergo BS8091 training The group won the 2008 AEO Sustainability Excellence Award and the Visit London Sustainable Tourism Award. The venues sustainable development policy includes engaging with customers and suppliers on sustainability issues, assessing sustainability risks and opportunities presented by hosting events and setting key performance indicators and objectives. Both venues have on-site recycling centres. (Wyatt) There are no significant problems reported with the implementation of BS8091 although some folk have cited minor operational issues that have caused some controversy. Overall the standard has been well received and adopted by all of those who have chosen to move forward and implement it. There is always room for ongoing enhancement and improvement and it is anticipated that this is where ISO 20121 will pick up any slack when it is formerly released in 2012. A lot of attention will be focused on the London Olympic Games and the success of these games will further enhance the credibility of these standards and the amount of work adapted from these standards in order to make the event a huge international success story. 11 Countries have signed up to mirror ISO20121 for adoption in their native country. One of the more recent entrants to the mirror committee being that of Australia It is important to note that a working draft for the International Standard (ISO) 20121 was produced with no involvement from the Australian events community. Twenty countries are actively involved in the development process including New Zealand. The SEA recognised this and approached Standards Australia to encourage our participation level to move from O (observer) status to P (participating) status (sustainable event). RECOMMENDATIONS FOR EVENT ORGANIZATIONS Many of the initiatives that support the implementation of BS8091 and that of ISO 20121 are still voluntary. There is no doubt that most event management organizations will significantly benefit from adopting these standards and taking up these initiatives. It is perhaps first useful to explain what BS8091 does relative to other environmental policies. There are three distinct advantages of BS8091. It defines the management system that an organization must put in place for effective sustainability of its operations. It is not a checklist but a definitive guide to operational procedures; It does not directly apply to events but more concerned with the management system that must be adopted in order to run these events. It is the management system operated by an organisation to deliver its event related activities that is certified and not the event (SEC) The standard is really more about sustainability and not purely focused on environmental issues, hence sustainability is about adopting strategies that will not only ensure long term financial success but will also drive social prosperity and progress as well as reduce environmental degradation (SEC). BS8091 has been criticised for containing too much jargon and not being an easy document to comprehend or navigate. Nevertheless, it contains a lot of good and useful material and many companies have succeeded in proper interpretation and use of the standard. These constraints have been notified to ISO 20121 which is expected to resolve these difficulties in the reading and interpretation of the standard. Benefits of BS 8901 The adoption of BS8091 has to be considered from the many benefits that it provides to event management organizations. Current research has demonstrated that the standard is particularly useful for small-medium sized business operations as it provides a reliable and robust framework which facilitates the integration of new staff. It also helps the organization in gaining a clearer understanding of the overall strategic direction and helps in harmonization of the workforce. Current projects have seen an improvement in communications and planning illustrating more integrated and harmonized communications that promote better teamwork and improved decision making capabilities. Overall a concept of rationalization and streamlining those results in more lucid and efficient systems and processes. As the standard effectively integrates social and economic standards it has an impact in helping to raise employee motivation and assists in retaining people with the best skills and talents. Furth er, it helps in improving the relations with key stakeholders and clients and strengthens the position of the business in the local community. From the financial perspective adoption of the standard is seen to reduce costs, eliminate wastes and create savings on energy. BS 8901 challenges business as usual and drives creativity and innovation which in turn can provide organisations with a competitive edge. (SEC) Recent reported innovations have included: à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ Improved return on investment by introduction of new toolsets à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ Reduction in carbon emissions by catering companies à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ Venues providing improved waste diversion rates from land fill sites à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ Reduction in paper handouts by event organizers à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ More events and conferences using 100% solar energy à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ Gifts to those who support the sustainability events and objectives There is a huge benefit to be derived in terms of marketing capability. In particular the ability of organizations to demonstrate their uniqueness and distinction from competitors. This will improve chances of winning new contracts and awards as business move towards increased concepts of sustainability and environmentally friendly projects. A good example is that of the Greater London Authority that is now seen to include mention of BS8091 in the criteria of its tender documents, as such their clients are taking the lead and making similar incorporations into their own documents. This demonstrating to the wider market the importance of sustainability options in their contractual relationship building. Most noticeably, the London Organising Committee for the Olympic Games (LOCOG) released its London 2012 Sustainable Event Guidelines in which they expect all companies and organisations that wish to be associated with the Games to be working towards BS 8901. (SEC). There is also the question of getting ahead of your competition. There is no doubt that BS8091 will be thoroughly adopted by the events industry. Those who do not participate will be left behind and seriously disadvantaged in the competitive market place. Eventually the voluntary situation might change and it could become a minimum entry requirement to be BS8091 certified. This is likely to be further reinforced in 2012 when the ISO 20121b becomes released as an international standard. Hence those who take strides now will benefit over those who fail to see the significance of these standards in the future. CONCLUSIONS Despite the initial complexity of BS 8091 it has been widely accepted and endorsed by the event management industry. The benefits of adopting the standard far outweigh the disadvantages. The progression to the international standard of ISO20121 will be far more inclusive and involve the collaboration of multiple companies on a world-wide basis. The world has come to recognize the growing importance of sustainability as a direct result of climate change and environmental changes taking place throughout the world. We need to find an enduring and balanced approach to economic activity, environmental responsibility and social progress. Hence the concept of sustainability has far more wider reaching implications beyond that of the event industry. Major international events like the Olympic games provide the opportunity to both raise awareness and showcase the importance of sustainability and the need for international standards to a world audience. Another significant advantage of the mir roring concept being used in the deployment of ISO 20121 is that it provides a standard and uniform framework across different countries and as such gains immediate transparency in terms of understanding, interpretation and implementation. The increase in the technological development of computers and sophisticated communications has facilitated the design and build of robust event management systems. This has enabled better planning and organization of events and eliminated the need for generating large volumes of paper reports or storage. Sustainable Events Management Solutions (SEMS) are a good example of an Australian firm that has taken the matter seriously and fully embraced BS8091 into the design of its event management system. There is no doubt that to make BS8091 work requires a great deal of inclusivity and collaboration amongst the partners in the event management project Incorporating sustainability into meeting and event management practices requires organisers to employ a combination of sustainable approaches including environmental stewardship, economic efficiency, and social and cultural responsibility. (Edwards) 4010

Tennysons Merlin and Vivien Essay -- Lord Alfred Tennyson Papers

Tennyson's Merlin and Vivien Known as one of Victorian England's finest poets, Lord Alfred Tennyson epitomized the agony and despondency of the degradation of one's character. His masterpiece, The Idylls of the King, explicates the grand scheme of corruption of the Authurian age while simultaneously paralleling Tennyson's own internal struggles. A most intriguing chapter of The Idylls, "Merlin and Vivien" portrays the manipulative Vivien, identified as pure evil and hatred, as her corruptive beauty leads to Merlin's self-destruction. The Victorian era, from the coronation of Queen Victoria in 1837 until her death in 1901, was an era of several unsettling social developments that forced writers more than ever before to take positions on the immediate issues animating the rest of society. Thus, although romantic forms of expression in poetry and prose continued to dominate English literature throughout much of the century, the attention of many writers was directed, sometimes passionately, to such issues as the growth of English democracy, the education of the masses, the progress of industrial enterprise and the consequent rise of a materialistic philosophy, and the plight of the newly industrialized worker. In addition, the unsettling of religious belief by new advances in science, particularly the theory of evolution and the historical study of the Bible, drew other writers away from the immemorial subjects of literature into considerations of problems of faith and truth. Tennyson's writing displays evidence of doubt and concern towards England's government, both present and past. His distinctive style can be differentiated from many Victorian poets by diction and syntax alone. Also, Tennyson can b... ... harmony. His poem "Merlin and Vivien" of The Idylls of the King displays Merlin's self-chosen downfall in exchange for the temptations of Vivien, the manipulative evil. "For Merlin, overtalked and overworn,/ Had yielded, told her all the charm, and slept." (ll.963-964) Bibliography: Works Cited Culler, Dwight. The Poerty of Tennyson. London: Yale UP, 1997. 238-239. Hain, Donald. Tennyson's Language. Toronto: Toronto UP, 1991. 144-148. Hellstrom, Ward. On the Poems of Tennyson. Gainsville: University of Florida Press, 1972. 117-118. Kincaid, James. The Major Poems of Tennyson: The Comic and Ironic Patterns. London: Yale UP, 1975. 177-182. Marshall, George. A Tennyson Handbook. New York: Twayne Publishers, 1963. 140-141. Reed, John. Perception and Design in Tennyson's Idylls of the King. Athens: Ohio UP, 1969. 48-58.

The Limitations of Reason Exposed in Crime and Punishment :: Crime Punishment Essays

The Limitations of Reason Exposed in Crime and Punishment    Dostoevsky's   Crime and Punishment illustrates an important idea. The idea is that "reason," that grand and uniquely human power, is limited in reach and scope.   Social critic Friedrich August von Hayek commented once that, ". it may be that the most difficult task for human reason is to comprehend its own limitations. It is essential for the growth of reason that as individuals we should bow to forces and obey principles we cannot hopefully to understand, yet on which the advance and even the preservation of civilization may depend." Such limitations imply that on life's most important questions - particularly those of a moral or ethical nature -- reason alone can produce chilling consequences. Without adequate or any moral illumination, reason alone, when pushed to its limits, can produce consequences which stand dramatically opposed to those moral demands. Dostoevsky's   narrative is directed as a specific critique of Russian manifestations of purely rational political theories current in the 1860's in his homeland. But the challenge he poses has meaning for us at the end of the 20th century.    Dostoevsky's parable focuses on a particular brand of 19th century Russian ideology, as it begins to crystallize in the mind of a young idealist. But the modeling procedure Dostoevsky uses in teasing out the contradictions of Raskolnikov's unguided application of a morally bankrupt theory, could equally well be applied to contemporary thinking around several important and equally bankrupt modern ideas - ideas harshly criticized by thinkers such as Hayek.    Without direction - the source of which is ultimately beyond rational understanding - in the domain of the meta-rational -- reason-as-reason will, sooner or later, run aground. Directed reason on the other hand provides an orientation - an orientation that gives purpose and direction to inquiry -- by allowing us to select from an infinite range of possibilities the right path - the "right" reason.   Problems emerged for Raskolnikov then, and for us now when we deny the need to recognize, acknowledge and bow to external guidance.   The rational and the meta-rational must operate symbiotically: one pointing the way, the other uncovering the Truth.      Raskolnikov rationalized murder. We are appalled. Why? Each of us will attempt to answer in a different way. Fundamentally though I think that most of our answers boil down to the same idea.

Essay on Lust and Love in Shakespeare’s Sonnet 130 and Campion’s There

Lust and Love in Shakespeare’s Sonnet 130 and Campion’s There is a Garden in Her Face  Ã‚     Ã‚   When a comparison is made between There is a Garden in Her Face by Thomas Campion and Sonnet 130 by William Shakespeare, the difference between lustful adoration and true love becomes evident. Both poems involve descriptions of a beloved lady seen through the eyes of the speaker, but the speaker in Campion's poem discusses the woman's beautiful perfections, while the speaker in Shakespeare's poem shows that it is the woman's faults which make her beautiful. In There is a Garden in Her Face, the subject of the speaker's affection is idolized beyond reality and is placed so high upon a pedestal that she is virtually unattainable. Campion uses metaphors and similes to compare the lady to the splendors of nature. Roses and cherries are repeatedly used to describe various parts of the lady, like her rosy cheeks and luscious lips. Her teeth are said to be made "[o]f orient pearl a double row" (line 8). The white of the pearl, the lilies and the snow build the image of a woman of purity and virtue. This notion of the lady as a divine creature is further emphasized by the many references to heaven. Her face is seen as "[a] heavenly paradise"(3), her eyes are "like angels"(13), and her lips are called "sacred cherries"(17). They are a forbidden fruit, similar to those of the garden of Eden, that no one may touch or even look at "[t]ill 'Cherry ripe!' themselves do cry" (5). The lady is viewed to be unapproachable unless she gives her permission to be approached. She seems cold and unfeeling when her brows are described as "bended bows" (14) ready to kill with "piercing frowns"(15), so it is likely that she does not give her permission easi... ...uty which is impossible for any woman or man to match. Campion's poem reflects this impossible ideal that society inflicts on us. This woman in There is a Garden in Her Face could never really live up to the image that the speaker has created of her. The image is false, and so is his love because he is only focusing on her outward appearance. The speaker in Shakespeare's sonnet clearly is not in love with his mistress' looks. Everything about her is contrary to society's standards, but he understands the absurdity of these standards and rejects them. There is more to his mistress than meets the eye, and that is why he truly loves her.   Works Cited Abrams, M.H., ed. The Norton Anthology of English Literature. New York: Norton, 1993. Campion, Thomas. "There is a Garden in Her Face." Abrams 1044. Shakespeare, William. "Sonnet 130." Abrams 820.       Essay on Lust and Love in Shakespeare’s Sonnet 130 and Campion’s There Lust and Love in Shakespeare’s Sonnet 130 and Campion’s There is a Garden in Her Face  Ã‚     Ã‚   When a comparison is made between There is a Garden in Her Face by Thomas Campion and Sonnet 130 by William Shakespeare, the difference between lustful adoration and true love becomes evident. Both poems involve descriptions of a beloved lady seen through the eyes of the speaker, but the speaker in Campion's poem discusses the woman's beautiful perfections, while the speaker in Shakespeare's poem shows that it is the woman's faults which make her beautiful. In There is a Garden in Her Face, the subject of the speaker's affection is idolized beyond reality and is placed so high upon a pedestal that she is virtually unattainable. Campion uses metaphors and similes to compare the lady to the splendors of nature. Roses and cherries are repeatedly used to describe various parts of the lady, like her rosy cheeks and luscious lips. Her teeth are said to be made "[o]f orient pearl a double row" (line 8). The white of the pearl, the lilies and the snow build the image of a woman of purity and virtue. This notion of the lady as a divine creature is further emphasized by the many references to heaven. Her face is seen as "[a] heavenly paradise"(3), her eyes are "like angels"(13), and her lips are called "sacred cherries"(17). They are a forbidden fruit, similar to those of the garden of Eden, that no one may touch or even look at "[t]ill 'Cherry ripe!' themselves do cry" (5). The lady is viewed to be unapproachable unless she gives her permission to be approached. She seems cold and unfeeling when her brows are described as "bended bows" (14) ready to kill with "piercing frowns"(15), so it is likely that she does not give her permission easi... ...uty which is impossible for any woman or man to match. Campion's poem reflects this impossible ideal that society inflicts on us. This woman in There is a Garden in Her Face could never really live up to the image that the speaker has created of her. The image is false, and so is his love because he is only focusing on her outward appearance. The speaker in Shakespeare's sonnet clearly is not in love with his mistress' looks. Everything about her is contrary to society's standards, but he understands the absurdity of these standards and rejects them. There is more to his mistress than meets the eye, and that is why he truly loves her.   Works Cited Abrams, M.H., ed. The Norton Anthology of English Literature. New York: Norton, 1993. Campion, Thomas. "There is a Garden in Her Face." Abrams 1044. Shakespeare, William. "Sonnet 130." Abrams 820.      

Space

Do aliens really exist? It could be true or false. Everybody knows that space is a big universe, full with many unknown cre ¤ture and objects that people have never seen before. In order to gain more knowledge about space, scientists spend a lot of money on research. The money we spend on space exploration should be giving people many beneficial factors in return, but it only gives people problems to solve. Searching for unrealistic things can be a real waste of time. The government should concentrate on things that are more important and less dangerous than space xploration.Space exploration is not important and dangerous because the humans can damages the original form of space, giving people new diseases, and wasting important money. After people change the order of space, it can never be undone again. The natural form of the space will be gone forever. That is why exploring space is not a good decision. â€Å"Weather mistreatment or suffer ever demand we may place on it† (Source E). Humans try to expand their presence into space like on Earth. The human presence caused extinction, unusual weather and soil erosion.These kind of results may happen in space too if human presence were to expand on space. But if the people reverent the way space is and leave the planets alone where we found them then nothing will worsen. The scientists that want to know more about space may be willing to do any necessary steps to get the information they wanted. New, living organism is found on earth. The astronauts that went to space, may have brought new diseases to Earth. These infectious germs may cause millions of death. â€Å"The hazard that some infectious extraterrestrial germ might be riding with hem† (Source F).Space is filled with living organism that people never knew it ever existed. â€Å"Because extraterrestrial life may exist, planetary exploration could bring trouble if people are not careful enough† (Source F). Even though the scientists had sterilized the hardware that used in spaced and the samples that astronauts got from there, everybody should still be cautious about it. Everyone should pay attention on how the taxpayers' money been spend. â€Å"All others, $0. 06†¦.. including†¦.. space and technology' (Source F) A part of the taxpayers oney was spent on space exploration, which is a total waste of money.The money that had been waste on space exploration could be spent on things that could benefit the people and earth. For example, the money could be spending on Medicare programs. Many people need Medicare to cover their hospital fee. Since many people in the world need medicine to cure their illness. Another choice could be, investing the money into the NIH (National Institutes of Health). â€Å"NIH scientists investigate ways to prevent disease as well as the cause, treatments, and even cures for common and are disease† (Source D) Health is more important than space. Don't tell me about all the spin-off Technology†¦.. Leave the money here on Earth. † (Source H). The government has more important things to focus on, other than space exploration. Investing into space exploration is not a good choice. Since space is involved with problems that we can never solve or maybe it will causes a huge ruckus space. Space is full of disastrous things and surprise that you can never imagine that it ever exists. If alien really do exist it is not as important/interesting as what happening on Earth.

Internationalization of RMB: The Impacts on China and Its Trading Partner Essay

later on the thirty years of great frugal reforms, imposed in 1978, chinaw ar has been show an incredible results and performance. Due to the suitable scotch conditions such as cheap diligence force and low domestic propertys (RMB) exchange put, chinaw ar has pay back the largest manuf make a motionurer of goods and receiver of conflicting precede investments, the majority of which has been in manufacturing industry. And today china has totally changed from the poor agricultural dry land to the military mans arising economic forcefulness state. So with the rise of Chinese scrimping, its cryptical integration and significant influence in the world merchandise and at the analogous time with the instability of euro area and in outside(a) monetary system in a whole, the issue of RMB multinationalization and mainland chinawares exchange rate insurance has bring to pass of huge importance to the world.So in this essay I testament briefly analyze the characteristic s of the world-wide currencies, their benefits and costs, and thusly I give explain mainland mainland chinas interest and steps toward the RMB internationalisation and will mainly focus on its impacts on china and its partners. The term of international property has defined characteristics so that a coin can be considered international if it is used outside the issuing bucolic for the transactions between some other inappropriate states (Investopedia). And according to Chinn and Frankel (2008) (as cited in Lee, 2010) there are four criteria to determine international specie status 1) Large enough size of it of countrys trade and proceeds 2) Liberal create pecuniary mart3) Stable property exchange rate4) High level of demand of the currency.Moreover, Kenen(1983) and Chinn&Frankel(2005) (as cited in Haihong Gao & Yongding Yu) stated that the international currency has several(prenominal) functions 1. act as a stemma value(i.e. countrys international become got) 2. act as a medium of exchange(e.g. in trade transactions ) and 3. be a unit of account. So, considering all these, lets check the suitability of Yuan for international currency status and Chinese governments challenges and policy steps in internationalizing RMB (Eichengreen, 2010). As their first step chinaware stimulated the use of RMB in scene trade and trade transactions with the dwell countries by allowing the companies to open RMB-denominated accounts in the banks in Hong Kong and make operating transactions (payments, transfers, etc.) in Yuan. Secondly, they encourage using Yuan in all kinds of financial transactions and stand private institutions to issue their RMB-denominated bonds, making Hong Kong the inshore RMB bond market center.And as the trinity step, china made arrangements with interested abroad central banks about adding RMB into their international backup man baskets, reaching total of Chinas bilateral currency swap agreements in RMB to over RMB 800 bill ion (Cookson & Dyer 2010, as cited in Otero-Iglesias) and making RMB a world confine currency. However, RMB is passive far from the international status(due to super government-controlled banking system and capital control) and its internationalization is upright beginning and all these shows tho Chinas commitment to that policy and markets increase interest. But still it is obvious that the internationalization of RMB is just only a librate of time. There are several obvious benefits of RMB internationalization for China and its trading partners (Haihong Gao & Yongding Yu). Since there will be more RMB-denominated trade and financial transactions, the exchange risk of infection for the trading parties ( twain Chinese and foreign) be will reduced and the link costs be eliminated. And this in looseness will increase the cross palisade bilateral transactions and gains from it, especially in the East Asian region, where RMB has already become a dominant currency.Secondly, wit h the internationalization of RMB, China and other countries will be less(prenominal) capable on USD (Haihong Gao & Yongding Yu). Since USD accounts for more than 70% of Chinas exchange currency reserve, China faces a huge risk of big losses as a result of USD exchange rate fluctuations. However, with the RMB-denominated claims, China would not be so dependent on USA. Moreover, with RMB other countries will have more choice on reserve currency and will not be so dependent on USD as well.Thirdly, RMB internationalization will allow the foreign direct investments into China and also cross-border outwards investments from it be in RMB. This will plainly benefit the investors, expand the circulation of RMB in both directions of investments and will expand Chinas financial market, and its competitiveness and influence as well (Haihong Gao & Yongding Yu). Lastly, since the developed financial market, the currency exchange rate and currency convertibility are the criteria of the interna tional reserve currency China will face a take for currency and capital account liberalisation reforms and further financial reforms in a whole, including unpegging RMB and RMB appreciation.Although for an export-based Chinese economy appreciation of RMB would be harmful in a short-circuit run, besides the drawbacks there are the benefits of quick RMB. Appreciation of RMB means the increase in cost of production, therefore an increase in cost for the importers from China. So the importers and the customers will turn to the cheaper substitutes produced in other countries (this statement whitethorn vary in different industries). The change magnitude demand for cheap substitutes will strain to developments and expansion of production in other countries, and will reduce their unemployment rates and etc.Thus, strong RMB as an international currency may benefit Chinas neighbors and other developing countries. Moreover, strong RMB benefits China as well. Losing competitiveness in man ufacturing industry, China will have to switch from low-efficiency and labor-intensive industries to a more efficient and developed ones and transform from an industry-based economy to a knowledge-based economy (with dominating services sector). In conclusion, with the increasing role of China in the world trade and growing demand for RMB, the internationalization of RMB is just only a matter of time. Although changing the anchor currency(USD) to RMB may construct uncertain effects, the internationalization of RMB will seemingly have positive impacts on both China and the rest of the world. And in the nighest future RMB is likely to become the troika international reserve currency, after euro and USD.ReferencesInvestopedia, currency Internationalization, What Does currentness Internationalization Mean? Retrieved from http//www.investopedia.com/ toll/c/currency_internationalization.aspaxzz1f5mjUVqBLee, J-W.(2010, June) Will the Renminbi Emerge as an International Reserve Currenc y? Retrieved from http//aric.adb.org/grs/ paper/Lee.pdfHaihong Gao & Yongding Yu. Internationalisation of the renminbi. Retrieved fromhttp//www.bis.org/repofficepubl/arpresearch200903.05.pdfEichengreen.B.(2010, January). The Renminbi as an International Currency Retrieved fromhttp//elsa.berkeley.edu/eichengr/renminbi_international_1-2011.pdfOtero-Iglesias. M. The Internationalisation of the Renminbi (RMB) A Strategy of go across the River by Feeling the Stones. Retrieved from http//www.igadi.org/china/2011/pdf/moi_the_internationalisation_of_the_renminbi.pdf

Dissent vs. Disagreement Essay

In agreement to Daniel J. Boorstins theory, one can recall several events in the history of Americas democracy when contrast paved the path for discussions and solutions merely dissent unaccompanied produced capaciouser separation. Disagreement is the basis for democracy because to each one citizen has a choice to agree or discord and try to make a change. For example, in the 1950s, chocolate-brown v. come on of Education was a product of un abrogateing racket between Americans about whether segregation of schools is native or not. Because of these ongoing debates, the decision was made to end segregation in schools. Similarly, a tragic genocide in Sudan causes many arguments between the American deal as the problem worsens and Americans must decide if they should tempo in. Again, the disagreement of the American democracy acts as its human foot for success and unity, while in Boorstins words, a democracy is kil take by animosity.If in the 1950s, the African Americans chose to go on living with dissension, or deciding to forever feel apart from others, then peradventure America would not have a dumb president today. Because many people disagreed with the harsh racial segregation and discrimination of that time, they were able to act on their opinions and make a change that influenced the future of America. African Americans fought for equality by disagreeing, instead of dissenting, and their efforts are unmingled in todays unsegregated society. In Boornstins words, A person who dissents is by comment in a minority. The African Americans did not want to be know as the lesser minority, but by equal citizens of the American democracy, and the way of behavior they succeeded in making their struggles known was by debating and sway against segregation and discrimination. brown v. Board of Education was an way out of one of their acknowledged actions.Because of this decision, segregation in schools were ultimately deemed unconstitutional. An i mprovement was made in the American democracy, and it was because of the life blood of democracy, which in Boorstins words, is known as Disagreement. Unlike the Brown v. Board of Education Decision, the American government mostly utilise dissension to deal with the genocide in Sudan. nearly call it, The Silent Genocide, because there were many, many, casualties but there was no awareness for the homecoming. Although many recognized that the issue was appalling, few took action and produced debates and disagreements, causing the issue to linger instead of improve. The regular disagreement which a liberal society thrives on was overshadowed by dissension and ignorance.The genocide in Sudan was not able to be fully helped, or helped at all at first off. As Boorstin says, dissension is its democracys cancer and this is evident in this case because Americans chose to dissent and feel apart from this problem, which moreover caused it to get worse. Boorstin recognizes the differences between dissension and disagreement in a way that makes evident that dissent is vain to our societys conflicts whereas disagreement serves as the first step to reaching a solution. While Brown v. Board of education is an example of how disagreement led to improvement, the issue of the genocide in Sudan showed how a great amount of dissension and a lack of discussion, disagreement and knowledge, can turn out to be a democracys cancer.

Executive Summary for Cookie Business

set(prenominal) 06 determine peeing capableness of white white tater genus Tuber cubicles the deliberation order If a embed cell is in proportionality with an immaterial base of such(prenominal) a preoccupancy that there is non pay press release or actualize of piss, the piddle voltage of the immaterial theme go away be correspond to the pee potency of the cell. theatrical role of this detail discharge be do in estimating the pee probable of a works wander. Samples of wander ar immersed in a carry of remote antecedents of divergent strengths. The dissolver that induces neither an summation nor a precipitate in the good deal or bunch of the interweave has the equivalent urine capability as that of the cells in the tissue.The cells to be investigated in this experiment atomic number 18 those of the potato provider. Changes in throng pull up stakes be utilize as an interpretation of whether the cells argon taking up or losing piss. cognitive operation 1. chase sestet examine thermionic vacuum tubes distilled urine, 0. 1, 0. 2, 0. 3, 0. 4, 0. 5 jetty dm-3. trust slightly wizard troika of a tube of distilled piddle in the first, and an impact leger of distributively of a serial publication of saccharose stems of several(predicate) strengths and (molarities) in the remainder. sever completelyy(prenominal) tube should be steadfastly stoppered. 2. development a bobtail borer and a shave blade, rail cardinal cheering cylinders of potato.Each cylinder should be well-nigh 10mm in diam and 12mm long. cold shoulder up founderly cylinder into half a dozen discs of round correspond thickness. government agency for all(prenominal)(prenominal) champion assemblage of discs on a separate composition of lend across report card. 3. look apiece chemical pigeonholing of discs. (In all(prenominal) baptistry weigh them on the homo of extend paper al one and only(a), an d work out the one from the separate to get the stool of the discs). genius the spile of from each one(prenominal)(prenominal) throng. 4. frame up one group of discs into each of the label tubes and as you amount each group, take its jackpot. chew the last mentioned steadfastly and sidetrack for not slight than 24 hours. 5.After around 24 hours bring the discs from each tube. recede any(prenominal) superfluous politic from them quick and piano with riddle paper, exploitation the appraise routine for all of them. thus re-weigh them. disc the red-hot crapper of each group of discs. 6. representical record you r final results by plotting the dowery transmute in visual modality ( flip-flop in flock figure by degree Celsius split by archetype slew) against the mebibyte of the saccharose solutions. The latter, being the autarkical variable, should be on the even axis vertebra the former(prenominal) on the further axis. 7. omen the p iss emf of the potato cells as follows.Find the forefront on your graph gibe to a voice stack potpourri of zero. The thou of saccharose fit to this zero mass flip post now be acquire from the plane axis. From skirt 4. 1 scratch the piss voltage of a sucrose solution of that grand. That is the water authorization of your sample of potato cells. deliver your result in a kPa. For friendship 1. rap this method of determination the water latent disagreeenceity of set up cells. How great power it be improve? 2. What was the cogitate for dividing each cylinder into cardinal discs, and wherefore was it essential to hold dear the mathematical operation for drying the discs? . With what winning of do tissue capability it be realistic to usance a change in hoi polloi or else than mass for estimating the water electric capableness? 4. How does the value of the water potentiality differ from the osmotic potential of the solution in the vacuole? 5. I n constructing your graph did you heart and soul up the points with sequential lines or just a insipid bow? justify whichever proficiency you used. yard (mol dm) osmotic potential kPa 0. 5 -130 0. 10 -260 0. 15 -410 0. 20 -540 0. 5 -680 0. 30 -860 0. 35 -970 0. 40 -1120 0. 45 -1280 0. 0 -1450 0. 55 -1620 0. 60 -1800 0. 65 -1980 0. 0 -2180 0. 75 -2370 0. 80 -2580 0. 85 -2790 0. 0 -3000 0. 95 -3250 1. 00 -3500 Table4. 1 kind amid molarity and osmotic potential of sucrose solutions