Johnny Depp Film Star

Johnny Depp John Christopher  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Johnny†Ã‚  Depp II  born June 9, 1963, was born in  Owensboro, Kentucky. He was raised in  Florida as the youngest of four children. His mother was Betty Sue Palmer, a waitress, and John Christopher Depp, a  civil engineer. The family moved frequently during Depp's childhood, and he and his siblings lived in more than 20 different locations, settling in  Miramar, Florida, in 1970. In 1978, Depp's parents divorced when he was fifteen. His mother married, as her second husband, Robert Palmer, whom Depp called â€Å"an inspiration to me†.A year after his parents' divorce, Depp dropped out of high school to become a rock musician. He attempted to go back to school two weeks later, but the principal told him to follow his dream of being a musician. He played with The Kids, a band that gained local success. The Kids set out together for Los Angeles in pursuit of a record deal, changing their name to Six Gun Method, but the group split up before signing a record deal. Depp engaged in  self-harm  when he was young, due to the stress of dealing with family problems, which resulted in several self-inflicted scars.In a 1993 interview, he reflected on his self-injury by saying â€Å"My body is a journal in a way. It's like what sailors used to do, where every  tattoo  meant something, a specific time in your life when you make a mark on yourself, whether you do it yourself with a knife or with a professional tattoo artist†. (Johnny Depp Biography 1) On December 24, 1983, Depp married Lori Anne Allison, the sister of his band's bass player and singer. During Depp's marriage, his wife worked as a makeup artist, while he worked a variety of odd jobs, including a  telemarketer  for pens.His wife introduced him to actor  Nicolas Cage, who advised Depp to pursue an acting career. Depp and his wife divorced in 1985. Both Depp and his subsequent fiance  Sherilyn Fenn  auditioned for the 1986 fil m  Thrashin'  and they were both cast, with Depp being chosen by the film's director to star as the lead, which would have been Depp's second major role. Depp was later turned down by the film's producer, who rejected the director's decision. (Johnny Depp Biography & FAQ) Johnny Depp  is an American actor, film producer, and musician.He has won the  Golden Globe Award  and  Screen Actors Guild  award for Best Actor. Depp rose to prominence on the 1980s television series  21 Jump Street, becoming a  teen idol. Unhappy with that status, Depp turned to film for more challenging roles; he played the title character of the acclaimed  Edward Scissorhands  (1990) and later found box office success in films such as  Sleepy Hollow  (1999),   Charlie and the Chocolate Factory  (2005),  Alice in Wonderland  (2010),  Rango  (2011) and the  Pirates of the Caribbean  film series  (2003–present).He has collaborated with director and friend  Tim Burton  in eight films; the most recent being  Dark Shadows  (2012). Depp has gained acclaim for his portrayals of such people as  Ed Wood, in  Ed Wood,  Joseph D. Pistone  in  Donnie Brasco,  Hunter S. Thompson  in  Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas,  George Jung  in  Blow, and the bank robber  John Dillinger  in  Michael Mann's  Public Enemies. Films featuring Depp have  grossed  over $3. 1  billion at the United States box office and over $7. 6  billion worldwide.He has been nominated for top awards many times, winning the Best Actor Awards from the  Golden Globes  for  Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street  and from the  Screen Actors Guild  for  Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl. He also has garnered a  sex symbol  status in American cinema, being twice named as the â€Å"Sexiest Man Alive† by  People  magazine  in 2003 and 2009. He has been listed in the 2012  Guinness Book of World Records  as the highest paid actor with $75 million. Johnny Depp Biography 2) Other notable random trivial facts I found about Johnny Depp on IMDB. com include Johnny in 1994, Depp was arrested and questioned by police for allegedly causing serious damage to a New York City hotel suite, he was arrested again in 1999 for brawling with paparazzi  outside a restaurant while dining in London. He adopted Goldeneye, the one-eyed Andalusian horse who played Gunpowder, Ichabod Crane's steed in  Sleepy Hollow  (1999), thereby saving him from the glue factory.Johnny has residences in multiple places including France, Los Angeles, and an island he owns in the Bahamas. He divides his time in France between Meudon, a suburb of Paris and a villa in Plan-de-la-Tour, an hour outside of St Tropez in Southern France. On November 19, 1999 Johnny received a Star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. As a child, he was allergic to chocolate. He is the only actor to be nominated for the Oscar i n the Lead Actor category in a Disney film (Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl  (2003)).Johnny is often found citing Captain Jack Sparrow (Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl  (2003)) and  Edward Scissorhands  (1990) as the favorite characters that he has played. He is a godfather of  Tim Burton  son Billy Ray Burton. A few things that Johnny is scared of are clowns, spiders, and ghosts. He turned down the role of Bruce Banner in  Hulk  in 2003. Johnny Depp is the only actor to appear in 3 of the 10 films to gross $1 billion with  Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest  (2006),  Alice in Wonderland (2010) and  Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides  (2011). IMDb) A complete filmogophry would be Nightmare on Elm Street (1984), Private Resort (1985), Slow Burn (1986), Platoon (1986), Cry-Baby (1990), Edwards Scissorhands (1990), Freddy’s Dead:The Final Nightmare (1991), Benny ; Joon (1993), What’s Eating Gilbert Grape (1993), Arizona Dream (1993), Ed Wood (1994), Don Juan DeMarco (1995), Dead Man (1995), Nick of Time (1995), Cannes Man (1996), Donnie Brasco (1997), The Brave (1997), Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas (1998), L. A.Without a Map (1998), The Ninth Gate (1999), Sleepy Hollow (1999), The astronaut’s Wife (1999), Chocolat (2000), Before Night Falls (2000), Blow (2001), The Man Who Cried (2001), From Hell (2001), Once Upon a Time in Mexico (2003), Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl (2003), Happily Ever After (2004), Secret Window (2004), Finding Neverland (2004), The Libertine (2004), Charlie and the Chocolate Factory (2005) Corpse Bride (2005), Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man’s Chest (2006), Pirates of the Caribbean: At World’s End (2007), Sweeny Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street (2007), Public Enemies (2009), The Imaginarium of Doctor Parnassus (2009), Alice in Wonderland (2010), The Tourist (2010), Rango (2011), Pirate s of the Caribbean: On Stanger Tides (2011), The Rum Diary (2011), Jack and Jill (2011), 21 Jump Street (2012), Dark Shadows (2012) , The Lone Ranger (2013), Transcendence (2014), Pirates of the Caribbean (2015). (IMDb) Sources: â€Å"Johnny Depp Biography 1. †Ã‚  Bio. com. A;E Networks Television, n. d. Web. 12 Apr. 2013. â€Å"Johnny Depp Biography 2. †Ã‚  Johnny Depp. Bio, n. d. Web. 12 Apr. 2013. â€Å"Johnny Depp Biography & FAQ. †Ã‚  Johnny Depp Biography ; FAQ. N. p. , 27 July 2011. Web. 12 Apr. 2013.

Correcting Other Peoples Grammar

Correcting Other Peoples Grammar A suggestion . . . dont do it. Every once in a great while, a typo or grammatical error appears in the newsletter. I have a wonderful proofreader, and, between us, we comb the newsletter each week. But hey, sometimes when the stars align and we both have a bad week, an item slips There is little more insulting than for someone who never offers positive feedback, to smugly tell someone that their grammar is wrong. Let me explain why. 1) Once the words are said and/or published, they cannot be taken back, regardless of how noble the criticism. You did wrong, becomes more the message. 2) Rather than educate the person (as the critic often states is their motive), theyve insulted them. Unless the critic is personally close to the individual, their criticism will be considered  critical, not enlightening. 3) The critic is remembered as a critic. They are burning a bridge. 4) The mistake might be a one-time thing. Better to wait and identify a trend rather than pounce on a happenstance slip. Critics will often begin their assessment with one of the following remarks: 1) I normally love your work, but this mistake bothered me 2) You are normally keener than this, but I couldnt help but notice 3) I used to be an English teacher/bestselling novelist/editor/term paper grader and cannot help myself 4) Sorry, but Ive always been fanatical about grammar, and I couldnt help but notice If its not repetitious, dont do it. Even then, think twice. Trust me; you arent remembered in a fond light. A week ago, a gentleman wrote about using THEIR as a singular pronoun, stating that I made a mistake. Then he downplayed it, joking, typing in jumbled up, misspelled words  that he wasnt necessarily a professional but just wanted to bring it to my attention. My response was that I dont correct other people. Once something is published, it cannot be undone. However, since he opened that door, I wanted to cite places that use/endorse/explain using THEIR in a singular context. In return, he got mad for being corrected and unsubscribed. Just think twice before correcting someone else. We arent always so perfect ourselves.

How to Conjugate the Verb Sapere in Italian

How to Conjugate the Verb Sapere in Italian â€Å"Sapere† is often one of the first verbs Italian language students learn, because learning how to say â€Å"I don’t know (non lo so) in the midst of lots of fast speech is essential. So, in this article, you can expand your knowledge of this verb with examples and all of its conjugations. Definition of Sapere To knowTo know how toTo be aware ofTo learn Sapere Conjugation Sapere can be a transitive verb, which requires a direct object, and an intransitive verb, which does not. In both forms, it is conjugated with the auxiliary verb avere.The infinito is sapere.The participio passato is saputo.The gerund form is sapendo.The past gerund form is avendo saputo. Indicativo/Indicative Il presente io so noi sappiamo tu sai voi sapete lui, lei, Lei sa Essi, Loro sanno Esempi: Non lo so. I don’t know.Mi sa dire dov’à ¨ la Piazza di Pietra?  Can you let me know where Piazza di Pietra is? Il passato prossimo io ho saputo noi abbiamo saputo tu hai saputo voi avete saputo lui, lei, Lei, ha saputo loro, essi hanno saputo Esempi: E poi ho saputo che mi aveva detto un sacco di bugie! And then I found out that he had told me a ton of lies!Hanno saputo che il museo era chiuso subito dopo aveva iniziato a piovere. They found out the museum was closed right after it started to rain. L’imperfetto io sapevo noi sapevamo tu sapevi voi sapevate lui, lei, Lei sapeva loro, essi sapevano Esempi: Non sapevo cosa dovevo fare! I didn’t know what I should do!Linda sapeva suonare la chitarra quando aveva sette anni, ma ha dimenticato tutto. Linda knew how to play the guitar when she was seven years old, but she has forgotten everything. Il trapassato prossimo io avevo saputo noi avevamo saputo tu avevi saputo voi avevate saputo lui, lei, Lei aveva saputo loro, essi avevano saputo Esempi: Aveva saputo che sarei venutoa a Roma. He had heard that I would be coming to Rome.Mi disse che avevate saputo quello che era successo. She told me that you all heard what had happened. Il passato remoto io seppi noi sapemmo tu sapesti voi sapeste lui, lei, Lei seppe loro, essi seppero Esempi: Non seppi nà ¨ leggere nà ¨ scrivere fino alla maggiore et. I didn’t know how to read nor how to write till I was 18.Nessuno seppe che ero partito. No one knew that I had left. Il trapassato remoto io ebbi saputo noi avemmo saputo tu avesti saputo voi aveste saputo lui, lei, Lei ebbe saputo loro, essi ebbero saputo This tense is rarely used, so don’t worry too much about mastering it. You’ll find it only in very sophisticated writing. Il futuro semplice io sapr noi sapremo tu saprai voi saprete lui, lei, Lei sapr loro, essi sapranno Esempi: Ti farà ² sapere non appena ne saprà ² di pià ¹. I’ll let you know as soon as I find out more about it.Spero che queste persone sapranno arrivare al ristorante! Noi ci siamo persi. I hope these people will manage to get to the restaurant! We got lost! Il futuro anteriore io avr saputo noi avremo saputo tu avrai saputo voi avrete saputo lui, lei, Lei avr saputo loro, essi avranno saputo Esempi: Deciderà ² quando avrà ² saputo come à ¨ andata tutta la faccenda! I’ll make a decision as soon as I know the matter went.Sicuramente avranno saputo del tuo viaggio per l’Italia! Surely they will have heard about your trip through  Italy! Congiuntivo/Subjunctive Il presente che io sappia che noi sappiamo che tu sappia che voi sappiate che lui, lei, Lei sappia che loro, essi sappiano Esempi: Non credo che tu non sappia la verit! I can’t believe that you don’t know the truth.Penso che sappiano suonare gli strumenti, avevano una banda cinque anni fa! I think they know how to play instruments, they had a band five years ago. Il passato io abbia saputo noi abbiamo saputo tu abbia saputo voi abbiate saputo lui, lei, Lei abbia saputo loro, essi abbiano saputo Esempi: Suppongo non abbiano saputo le notizie di oggi. I suppose they hadn’t heard today’s news.Peccato che non abbia saputo che fossimo qua, ieri sera ci avrebbe potuto raggiungere per cena. It’s a shame that he didn’t know we were here, he could have caught up with us for dinner last night. L’imperfetto io sapessi noi sapessimo tu sapessi voi sapeste lui, lei, Lei sapesse loro, essi sapessero Esempi: Non sapevo che pure lui sapesse la verit! Che brutta figura! I didn’t know that he also knew the truth! How embarrassing!Scusa! Pensavo che tu sapessi come si usa il metro a Roma, altrimenti te lo avrei detto prima. Sorry! I thought that you knew how one uses the metro in Rome, otherwise, I would have told you about it  first. Il trapassato prossimo io avessi saputo noi avessimo saputo tu avessi saputo voi aveste saputo lui, lei, Lei avesse saputo loro, essi avessero saputo Esempi: Se io avessi saputo cantare, sarei andato su quel palco scenico. If I had known how to sing, I would have gone up on that stage.Se avessimo saputo le notizie di Giulia prima, non le avremmo detto del matrimonio di Roberto! If we had heard Giulia’s news first, we wouldn’t have told her about Roberto’s wedding! Condizionale/Conditional Il presente io saprei noi sapremmo tu sapresti voi sapreste lui, lei, Lei saprebbe te loro, essi saprebbero Esempi: Se solo avessi frequentato le lezioni di piano, adesso saprei come suonarlo! If only I had  been attending piano lessons, I would know how to play it now!Insegnare una lingua? Sembra qualcosa che Rachele saprebbe fare! Teaching a language? It seems like something Rachel would know how to do. Il passato io avrei saputo noi avremmo saputo tu avresti saputo voi avreste saputo lui, lei, Lei avrebbe saputo loro, Loro avrebbero saputo Se avessi detto il segreto a Marco, poi tutto il mondo l’avrebbe saputo! If you had told Marco the secret, then the whole world would have found out about it.Carlotta, scusa, ma sono confusa e Rachele mi ha detto che avresti saputo cosa fare. Carlotta, sorry, but I’m confused and Rachel told me that you would know what to do.

Illegal immigration Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Illegal immigration - Essay Example The end of the Civil War grew the desire to restrict immigration of specific groups to the United States. In 1875, the first statute was passed to restrict immigration which was barring prostitutes and convicts from admission (Nadadur, 2010). Various laws were enacted some to curb the issue of illegal immigration and others to ensure that regardless of their situation the immigrants are not subjected to any discrimination or unfair treatment. Undocumented people go through a lot of discriminations in the United States. Institutions that have been set up by the government are sometimes seen to be the perpetuators of these kinds of injustices (Obama, 2015). From the health sector, education, finance and even housing, they are seen to discriminate against the undocumented regardless of these areas handling the basic needs of any human being. Although these people access the United States without all the required documentation, they deserve to be respected and be treated as human beings. On the health sector, the undocumented also face discrimination. Disease breakouts are sometimes among the reasons why people migrate from their country to the United States. The migration is usually in search of a better health environment but the reception they get at the health facilities is not as they expect. The health insurance and policies available have not put them into consideration making access to health facilities difficult (Rhodes et al., 2015). Yet, access to health services constitutes the main determinant of the quality of life for all human beings. The employment world in the United States is another key area where the undocumented face discrimination. Most of the undocumented are people who come to the United States in search of a better job. Upon their arrival, they may have the qualifications needed to perform a particular task but an American will be given the priority. Once immigrants

The epic of gilgamesh by stephen mitchell Essay

The epic of gilgamesh by stephen mitchell - Essay Example The analysis also sheds light upon what perceptions Enkidu has of mankind and how he believes that his race has no hope of success against superior beings due to their fear. Enkidu tries to explain how defeating the Humbaba will be an impossible mission. He tries to explain the attributes of the beast with words like: â€Å"His jaws are death†, â€Å"his breath spews fire, etc (Mitchell, 93). Enkidu seems to be trying to convince Gilgamesh to let go of the idea of defeating the creature as it will be physically superior to any human, and its supernatural attributes will ensure a victory at his end and death at the side of men. The way he says: â€Å"But how can any man dare to enter the Cedar forest?† shows that Enkidu is unsure and afraid of going on this quest. Enkidu wants Gilgamesh to let go of the idea of defeating the beast (Mitchell, 93). Enkidu is constantly trying to explain how the Humbaba is terrifying and will overcome them. He explains various attributes of the beat with precise detail like the beast is fit for listening to the faintest sound in the woods. This helps to shed light upon Enkidu’s belief that they will not have the chance to achieve triumph in the adventure as the beast will overcome them and death will become their fate. Enkidu further indicates how the creature is startling and undefeatable by portraying its jaws, voice, and breath that he says transmits fire (Mitchell, 93). His nervousness can be assessed as he further expresses that no man or god can overcome the Humbaba. He, in any case, indicates that somehow it is conceivable to reach success against the beast if man can overcome his fear. When he says that, the animal is there to scare men and that the individuals who are apprehensive will be stuck down due to fear (Mitchell, 93). It demonstrates that men who manage to overcome thei r fear against the Humbaba may win the fight because of their gallant and brave nature. This statement presents a contradiction

Entrepreneural Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Entrepreneural - Research Paper Example ea explains to the management the effect that the idea will have on the organization and how to implement the idea in the existing procedures (Christiansen, 2000). The organization has a culture that upholds change that arises. Management has ensured that it has induced a positive culture that encourages employees to welcome any change that will have a positive impact towards the organization’s performance. On the other hand, leaders are the implementers of the change. They ensure that they lead the rest of the organization towards changes the organization. The organization has also ensured that it provides a serene environment for the innovators. This is through providing psychological and financial support to those who have an idea that may change the organizational performance. Employees also give human capital inform of giving ideas towards refining the idea for it to become more effective for the whole organization. This has played a major role in encouraging potential innovators to come up with diverse ideas that has seen an increased competitiveness of the organization (Christiansen, 2000). For the management to increase creativity and innovation in the organization, they must create a good relationship with their subordinates. Many of the innovative ideas come from the low ranked employees. As a result, leaders should adopt open office policy to encourage employees t consult them when need arises concerning the idea (Christiansen, 2000). Second, the organization leaders should set aside funds that will help those with ideas to purchase all the necessary materials required to spearhead the idea(s). Funds have been the greatest setback towards innovation therefore; availability of the funds will encourage employees to come up with ideas that will improve the organizations status (Christiansen, 2000). The management can encourage innovation through giving out incentives. In case an employee comes up with an innovative idea and it brings change in the

Evolutionary Changes to Horses

Evolutionary Changes to Horses Enough horse fossils have been found so that archaeologists are able to trace the evolution of horses. The earliest fossil of a horse found was a dog sized Eohippus (Tyagi, 2009). This four toed Eohippus lived around 55 million years ago (Hall, 2010). The Equus mostly stayed the same with the exception of slight toe and teeth changes. During the Oligocene era about 34-34 million years ago the horse grew in size and 4 toes evolved into 3. Also in this time the horse had vanished from Europe, Africa and Asia and for the following million years the only place which was habitable for the horse was in the western part of North America (Rice, 2007). The Miocene era saw lush vegetation disappear and the land became a grassy plain. The horse was forced to adapt and evolve in order to survive in this new environment, for example its teeth needed to change so it was able to chew the new food, its toes changed into hooves which made it easier to get about the different landscapes. These horses are thought to have had a similar brain and molars to the modern horse of today (Kimball 2006). The only real wild horse, to compare to the domesticated horse is the Przewalskis horse, although this species is extinct in the wild, there are some captive in zoos which have saved the species from total extinction and are now being captive bred (Boyd 1994). The Fell pony originates from the England/Scotland border. They are only a small breed around 14h maximum but are capable of carrying an adult man (Davis, 2008). They are a hard and sturdy breed and also versatile. The Fell pony matures late and will not breed often until as late as 7 years old. Most of the native Fells are left to roam free until the age of 2 or 3 and they arent overfed. Mares shouldnt breed before the age of 3 or permanent damage could be done to the reproductive organs and the mares maturity and growth can be restricted (Fell pony society, 2006). Environmental Factors Survival of the fittest means that only the strongest most resourceful animals live to breed. In the bad winter of 1946-47 most of the pure bred native ponies survived, but cross-breeds died. This winter was so bad that all but one group of Fell ponies that were cut off by deep snow for 6 weeks also perished (Richardson, 2008) The environment influences a horses characters, for example weight and muscle, these all depend on nutrition and exercise. The athletic ability and temperament also changes with different environmental factors. The size of the pony was due to the quality of grazing, ponies that were bigger than 13hh could not have survived on the moorland as their food intake would need to be greater than the smaller ponies (Mills, 2005). Demographic profiling of horse domestication is hard. Mongol herds show the selective slaughter of stallions at 2 and half years old, leaving the mares to survive (Zeder, 2006). A horses breed typical behaviour is reflected on the combination of two forces- physical environment and humans. Temperament differences are often linked with blood temperature (Jensen, 2009) Human intervention In early history of the Fell Pony, their origins were from indigenous ponies of the region, and in the Roman period of Northern England the horses were cross-bred with horses which were introduced by foreign mercenaries. These horses from Friesland region have the pre-potency and characteristics still seen today in the Fell pony (Richardson, 2008) There was also a mixture of Galloway blood, also Welsh cob from the stallion Comet. Small amount of Andalusian blood and finally Yorkshire trotter, which explains the larger 14.2hh ponies when the breed limit is 14hh (Fell pony Society, 2009). During the industrial revolution the Fell pony was used as a pack pony. They carried up to 16 stone of lead, iron ore, slate and coal from the mines. These ponies travelled 240 miles a week. From Kendal 300 Fells left to go over the country carrying cargo such as fish, grain, chickens and dairy products (Hamlets house, n.d.) The Fell pony society was created in 1916 and has the Queen Elizabeth II as the patron (Fell pony society, 2003). During the depression of the 1930s along with mechanisation the Fell pony breed was threatened and in 1932 at a stallion show there was only 3 ponies that were shown. King George V saved the Fell pony breed with a large donation and also Beatrix Potter donated to save this breed (Richardson, 2008) Low breeding numbers can drastically reduce the gene pool in a breed, causing it to bottle neck. This happened to the Fell ponies. In 1914, 5 stallions were the direct descendant of the famous Blooming Heather. Homozygosity is 54% in British rare breed horses. (Richardson, 2008) In todays terms, nature is taking out of the equation; there is no longer survival of the fittest among these horses. We provide them food and shelter, there is no longer natural selection (Richardson, 2008). Humans took horses from their environment in which they had evolved, and managed them under convenient conditions for us (Waran, 2007) These days the Fell pony is used by man for showing, riding and driving. The Fell pony society regularly holds performance trials where the horse tackles different terrains such as boggy paths and water crossing. These horses are smart and need to be kept active (The Fell pony society, 2009). Gene flow and polygenic inheritance of traits Not all Fell ponies are black. There are also brown, bay and grey ponies. Black didnt become the main colour until the end of 20th century, before this time dark bay was just as common as the black ponies (Fell Pony Museum, 2010). The two subspecies of wild horses are the Tarpan and Przewalskis horse. During domestication mares were crossed with stallions that had more desirable characteristics. It is assumed that mares from different regions were varied in morphology because of the adaptation to their environmental conditions. Gene flow (migration) is the main reason for lack of phylogeographic structure. As horses are so active migration levels are high. Two wild horses were found to have identical haplotypes from the Pleistocene era, one from Germany and the other Siberia (Kavar, 2008) The colour of a horse is built on a base of two colours only, black- E and chestnut e. The colour of a horse is controlled by genes at 12 different loci (Thiruvenkadan, 2008). The two genetic loci: Extension and Agouti control the black or chestnut colour of a horse (Sponenberg, 2003). Black is dominant over chestnut, and chestnut is therefore recessive. A horse that carries 2 black genes EE will be homozygous- black, a horse that carries one black gene and one chestnut gene Ee will also be black however it will be heterozygous, and finally a horse that carries two chestnut genes ee will always be homozygous, chestnut. If two heterozygous black horses are bred together Ee+Ee there will be a 1 in 4 chance of producing a black homozygous EE , 2 out of 4 chances of a black heterozygous Ee and a 1 in 4 chance of a chestnut being produced (Wellman, 2009). See table 1. Polygenic inheritance is seen in a variety of colour patterns in horses, such a shade and mane and tail colour. These might be due to influence of multiple genes (Thiruvenkadan, 2008). Gene mapping has been used to assign numerous coat colour traits and disorders that are inherited to the horse chromosome. Molecular genetic studies for coat colour in horses have helped identify the genes and mutations which are responsible for coat colour variation. Microsatellite markers that linked to the trait were also found (Thiruvenkadan, 2008). Microsatellite loci tests across horse population showed that the highest observed heterozygosity of 0.0782 and highest diversity of 0.779 was the Fell pony, the lowest was in the Friesian horse (Luis, 2007). Microsatellites show high allelic diversity and are used to calculate genetic distance between the breeds (Mills, 2005). Any horse breed existing today is an expression of the history of genetic drift and selection. The genotype for a breed will contain genes and combinations which code for specific characteristics, (such as good temperament and intelligence in Fells (Simper, 2003)). Foal Pony Syndrome Mutations that occur in a gene make it defective or somewhat unusual (Guttman et al 2002). This is seen as a deleterious gene in the Fell pony. In the early 80s it became aware that new born foals were dying from an unknown disease which couldnt be cured by traditional medicines. After post-mortem examinations the conclusion came that is was most likely something of genetic origin (Brunt 2000). Fell pony foals get a condition called immunodeficiency disorder (Fell pony syndrome). Plate 1 shows a foal with the syndrome. It affects foals less than 3 years of age. Both sexes get it; the signs are diarrhoea, pneumonia, lymphopenia, ulcers on tongue, a curly coat which is unusually long and death (Higgins, 2006). Blood samples from the foals revealed that there is a low red blood cell count, low lymphocyte count and a high white cell count. A diagnosis can be made from a bone marrow sample taken from the breastbone. The syndrome causes severe anaemia, impaired immunity and is fatal with the foals usually being put down or dying by the age of 3-4 months. As the syndrome is only known in the Fell pony breed it is assumed that its of genetic origin (Thomas, 2000).Foals usually fall ill around 4 weeks of age. This condition is possibly caused by an autosomal recessive deleterious gene which is inherited (Higgins, 2006) Due to the Fells small gene pool this syndrome is increasing at an alarming rate, as it is estimated that only 5000-6000 ponies are left worldwide. Selective breeding is better than the elimination of carriers when breeding to avoid a syndrome foal. If the syndrome is proved to be of genetic cause and the carriers can be found then they shouldnt eliminate the carrier ponies from the breeding stock as narrowing the small gene pool any further would have a devastating effect to the breed (Thomas, 2000). The level of FPS in the Fell pony population may be due to the history of the breed as after the Second World War there was a huge fall in numbers. This resulted in genetic bottleneck (Horse Trust, 2008). It is likely that two- thirds of the Fell pony population is a carrier, and 10-20% of foals a year are syndrome foals. No affected foals have been known to survive (Thomas, 2000). The stem cells in bone marrow are generally missing in the syndrome foals. The bone marrow matrix might be failing to produce the stem cells and be deficient (Millard, 2000).The most likely cause of the syndrome beginning is thought to have been inbreeding/line breeding in the 1960s (Plate 2). The original carrier stallion isnt known but there is one heavily used stallion in the 1950s that is noticed in the pedigree of each known syndrome foal (Thomas, 2000) The only way of getting rid of this genetic problem is with carefully managed breeding. Genetic disorders are common and the management of breeding has been seen in other animal breeds which have worked successfully for them (Brunt, 2000). The Fell pony society is performing constant genetic tests to try and eliminate the syndrome from the breed. The breeders are working with the society to preserve the Fell pony breed. Carries can still be bred to a test clear pony; this will stop the loss of desirable breed traits. The foals can be DNA tested to see whether they are a carrier or not. A veterinarian can collect samples and have them sent to a genetic lab to determine whether they are a carrier of the deleterious gene or not (Animal health trust, N.D)