North-South Divide - 1613 Words

The North-South Divide (or Rich-Poor Divide[citation needed]) is a socio-economic and political division that exists between the wealthy developed countries, known collectively as the North, and the poorer developing countries (least developed countries), or the South.[1] Although most nations comprising the North are in fact located in the Northern Hemisphere (with the notable exceptions of Australia and New Zealand), the divide is not wholly defined by geography. The North is home to four out of five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council and all members of the G8. The North mostly covers the West and the First World, with much of the Second World. The expression North-South divide is still in common use, but†¦show more content†¦On an ideological level, some development geographers have argued that current concentration on the North-South divide as the main organizing principle for understanding the world economy has overlooked the role of inter-imperial conflicts between the United States, Japan, and Europe.[5]. [edit]Defining development Being categorized as part of the â€Å"North† implies development as opposed to belonging to the â€Å"South† which implies a lack thereof. The north becomes synonymous with economic development and industrialization while the South represents the previously colonized countries which are in need of help in the form of international aid agendas [6] In order to understand how this divide occurs, a definition of â€Å"development† itself is needed. The Dictionary of Human Geography defines development as â€Å"[p]rocesses of social change or [a change] to class and state projects to transform national economies.[7] This definition entails an understanding of economic development which is imperative when trying to understand the north-south divide. Economic Development is a measure of progress in a specific economy. It refers to advancements in technology, a transition from an economy based largely on agriculture to one based on industry and an improvement in living standards.[8][9] Other factors that are included in the conceptualization of what a developed country is include life expectancy and theShow MoreRelatedThe Global North/South Divide1724 Words   |  7 PagesA descriptive essay on the Globla North/South divide. Explores the social, cuptural and economic differences that exist between the regions defined as the global north and the global south. The theory of the Global North and Global South is a new geopolitical perspective. It divides the world into two blocs – the industrialized countries of the global North and the poor countries of the South on the global level of analysis. While â€Å"Global South† is sometimes used as a synonym for the more familiarRead More Antebellum Slavery: The Great North-South Divide781 Words   |  4 Pagesperiod began, the American Nation was divided into the North and South by many issues but most economic issues arising from western expansion and slavery. While the North had abolished slavery, the South insisted on slavery for the cultivation of their cash crops especially cotton. The south had religious and racial justifications for the institution of slavery and even went so far as to proclaim slavery was for the slave’s own benefit. The North, motivated by the second Great Awakening however, hadRead MoreCritical Analysis Of The North South Divide In Italy1702 Words   |  7 PagesThey begin to show the deficits of the system by introducing the North-South Divide in Italy, wherein those who live in the south of the country tended to be less positive about the state of their country and their regional syste m. This was true in discussions about public satisfaction, and from councillors themselves where in the north was consistently more optimistic about the state of the regional system, even though all preferred the regional system to the former national one. Though talks aboutRead MoreHow Did the Indsutrial Development Unite or Divide the North and the South?1434 Words   |  6 Pagesindustrial and technological development. Both the North and the South created many advances in railroad and water transportation. The Union, however, was far more advanced technologically than the Confederate states . Consequently, the North made greater and more effective use of progress in weapons, communication, transportation and medicine than South . Although the industrial development made the nation very widely known, both the south and the north were divided because their differences. The CivilRead MoreThe Election Of 1848 And Emerging Sectional Divide Between The North And The South Over The Issue Of Slavery1708 Words   |  7 PagesSemester Long Research Paper The election of 1848 revealed and emerging sectional divide between the north and the south over the issue of slavery. The was the 16th presidential election held on November 7, 1848. Zachary Taylor, who was a member of the Whig party won over Martin Van Buren of the free soil party. Slavery was defined as a legal or economic system in which principles of property law were applied to humans allowing them to be classified as property, to be owned, bought and sold accordinglyRead MoreSummary of Industrial Convergence, Globalization, and the Persistence of the North-South Divide by Arrighi, G,. Silver, J, B,. and Brewer, D, B,. (2003)1418 Words   |  6 Pagesthe Persistence of the North-South Divide. Studies in Comparative International Development. p.3-31 Through the use of descriptive and comparative analysis, the authors intend on demonstrating that the convergence of the industrialization gap was not accompanied by a convergence in the income levels gap between former First World and Third World countries. Thus, the North-South divide still exists. Through economic models, the persistence of the North-South income divide is explained. SimultaneouslyRead MoreThe Global Divide Essay1465 Words   |  6 Pagesread further, you will see how globalization and the north- south global divide play a key role in our nation’s economy. From the wars on European soil and increasing poverty in Africa, to the booming technological abilities in Japan, this one word will be an understatement to all things to come. I’ll explain how the global divide started and how globalization plays a key role in the world’s own destructive nature. As the gap between the two divides grows further and further apart, the one questionRead MoreTh e Annexation Of Texas And The United States928 Words   |  4 Pagesshould be done with the new found territory. Whether it was people of the north looking to prevent another slave state from acquiring statehood, or slave owning people of the south trying to gain leverage in the House of Representatives, people had differing opinions on the topic of Texas. The debate over Texas acquiring statehood was representative of the divide between North and South that led to Civil War in the U.S. In the North, many people didn’t want Texas to become a state, therefore were againstRead MoreThe United States Essay1243 Words   |  5 PagesOcean. This time period would become known as Manifest Destiny. Over the five decades that Manifest Destiny lasted politics and the government changed along with the geographic face of the United States while the country expand to cover most of North America. Of these political changes, the death of the Federalists, birth of the Whigs and reformation of the Democratic party were among the most prominent. However an underlying conflict began to progress with each new purchase and acquisition ofRead MoreCauses Of The Civil War1740 Words   |  7 Pagesconflicts kept creating a divide amongst the states in the nation. The divide finally became so great, that the United States split into the Confederacy (South) and the Union (North), and fighting erupted. â€Å" â€Å"The Civil War,† Randall Jimerson observes, â€Å"became a to tal war involving the entire population precisely because both sides fought for ideological principles. Compromise and surrender were unthinkable when so much was at stake.† †(Finseth, 16). The root of the cause for the divide was slavery, but there

Investigational New Drug Review Process Free Essays

INVESTIGATIONAL NEW DRUG REVIEW PROCESS Investigational New Drug Review Process Prashanth Kumar Ponugoti Northeastern University INVESTIGATIONAL NEW DRUG REVIEW PROCESS Abstract Investigational New Drug (IND) review process begins from the time the sponsor files investigation new drug application and the purpose of the review is to confirm the safety and efficacy of the patient for the drug. Moreover in the process of review if the review committee notifies any deficiencies by the new drug then there will be a clinical however if there are no deficiencies the drug will be approved for new drug application and will be under continuous review to make sure , that the drug does not cause any potential harm. This entire step wise process of review is explained in the following paper INVESTIGATIONAL NEW DRUG REVIEW PROCESS The following flow chart gives an overview of the IND review process Applicant (Drug Sponsor) IND Review by CDER Statistical Pharmacology/ Toxicology Medical Chemistry Sponsor Submits New Data Safety Review Safety acceptable for study to proceed Clinical Hold Decision Notify Sponsor Complete reviews Reviews Complete and Acceptable? Sponsor Notified of Deficiencies No Deficiencies Study Ongoing INVESTIGATIONAL NEW DRUG REVIEW PROCESS I. We will write a custom essay sample on Investigational New Drug Review Process or any similar topic only for you Order Now Applicant (Drug sponsor): An applicant or the sponsor is a person or a group who takes responsibility and initiates for the investigation of new drug. A person other than an individual that uses one or more of its own employees to conduct an investigation that it has initiated is a sponsor. The sponsor may be an individual, partnership, government agency, private agency, or any other organization and moreover the sponsor does not conduct the investigation process unless the sponsor is a sponsor-investigator. The applications are submitted to Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER) Food and Drug Administration Document and Records Section 5901-B Ammendale Rd. Beltsville, Md. 20705-1266 II. Investigational New Drug Application: Sponsor thinks about new drug application when he has a successful results in preclinical studies (The studies conducted in animals to find the use of drug in human and ensure safety and efficacy) in other words it is the step taken after the successful preclinical studies to continue further studies that is clinical trial in humans. During the conduct of preclinical trial, step by step information of the process is recorded as data and stored. Thus stored information is helpful in filling an IND. The information is as follows A. Animal Pharmacology and toxicology studies B. Manufacturing Information C. Clinical protocols and investigators information Animal Pharmacology and toxicology studies: The studies conducted in animals to ensure the use of the product is reasonably safe for initial testing in humans. Manufacturing Humans: This is the information obtained from manufacturing, storage, composition, storage and stability, for manufacturing of drug substance and product. Clinical protocols and investigators information: protocols for proposed clinical studies to assess whether the initial-phase trials will expose subjects to unnecessary risks. Information on the qualifications of clinical investigators—professionals who oversee the administration of the experimental compound–to assess whether they are qualified to fulfill their clinical trial duties. The IND is not a marketing approval but The IND is the means through which the sponsor officially obtains this exemption from the FDA: however, its main intention is to detail the data that provide documentation that it is indeed reasonable to proceed with certain human trials with the drug. Types of INDs i. Investigator INDs ii. Emergency Use INDs and iii. Treatment IND After the submission of the IND to the Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER) committee it checks thoroughly the medical, chemistry, toxicological, and statistical data INVESTIGATIONAL NEW DRUG REVIEW PROCESS These terms are explained below in detail III. Medical Review: Medical also called as clinical review is conducted by medical officers or physicians to ensure the initial use of the drug in patients and are safe to use . This review is also conducted by the non medical officers based upon the data available from the re clinical studies. Medical review plays a major role in new drug review process and is an initiating step for the test of the drug in humans: however it is an important step to be conducted and based upon the results obtained from the review it has a further scope to apply for next steps that is to file new drug application. During this review process the medical reviewers or physicians evaluate the clinical trial protocol for to determine A. If the participants will be protected from unnecessary risks; and B. If the study design will provide data relevant to the safety and effectiveness of the drug. However the safety of the drug is taken by the sponsor during the phase I studies but during phase II, III, and IV Food and Drug Administration (FDA) must also ensure the safety of the medicament in humans for market approval. IV. Chemistry Review: Each review committee has an chemistry review department for reviewing the chemistry of the drug and the agenda of this chemistry department is to address issues related to drug identity, manufacturing control, and analysis. The reviewing committee ensures that the investigational new drug is adequately reproducible and stable. If the drug is neither adequately reproducible nor stable then the chances of approval for IND are less because they are not sure about the drugs action in the body, and don’t know what it does. So the major purpose of chemistry review is i. To ensure that the compound is adequately reproducible ii. To ensure that the compound is adequately stable In addition to this the sponsor should discuss any manufacturing and chemistry differences between the drug product proposed for the clinical use and drug product used in animal toxicology studies. However these differences might affect the safety profile of the drug product and need to be stated if there are no differences. V. Pharmacology or Toxicology Review: This committee is a group of pharmacologists and toxicologists who evaluate the results of animal testing made during the clinical trial and compare it with the potential effects in humans. That is to ensure safety of the humans for the new drug. i. Pharmacology and Drug Distribution (21 CFR 312. 23(a)(8)(I)): This is nothing but absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion of the drug in the animals. These results should be obtained by conducting them in animals, so it should be recorded with an example. Moreover this should not be a reason for the clinical hold because these rae the studies conducted in phase one of the IND and where FDA feels it as sponsor great responsibility factor for the drug in achieving safety and efficacy to the humans. ii. Toxicology Data (21 CFR 312. 23(a)(8)(ii)(a)): INVESTIGATIONAL NEW DRUG REVIEW PROCESS Toxicology data is required from both vitro and vivo studies, because particular studies depend upon nature of the drug and phase of human investigation. VI. Safety Review: After submission of the IND to the CDER then the committee takes about good 30 days to conduct review in every factor to achieve safety and efficacy and to avoid potential harm to the human. The review is an ongoing process however CDER notifies the sponsor immediately if there are any potential high risks associated with the drug upon usage in humans. If a notification is sent to sponsor then it is clear that the application is put on hold and the sponsor should conduct enough studies to clear the hold. This hold will be removed and allows the sponsor for further studies only when changes made to the clinical hold achieve the safety and efficacy and does not case potential risks. If the sponsor is not notified with any information from CDER from the day of IND submission to the 30 th day then on the 31st- day further study can be proceeded as submitted. VII. Clinical Hold Decision: The Clinical hold is issued in during the thirty day review period and this is due to the following factors 1. The drug causes potential harm to the humans 2. If drug is not having enough stability 3. The IND does not contain sufficient information required under 312. 23 to assess the risks to subjects of the proposed studies 4. The plan or protocol for the investigation is clearly deficient in design to meet its stated objectives. And CDER can hold the studies during the initial phases of the studies that is when filed for IND if observes potential risks on the data submitted initially. The Clinical hold will be removed if the sponsor addresses the issue based on the hold before the order is removed. In addition the clinical holds are reviewed by higher authorities of CDER to assure scientific quality and consistency in the Center’s clinical hold decisions. IX. Notify Sponsor: X. Sponsor Notified of Deficiencies XI. Study Ongoing Xii. Conclusion†¦.. Page 17 and page 18 lo matter unnnadhi †¦ use gooogle search for material if required and provide the refrence where ever u grab the material†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Refrences: http://www. accessdata. fda. gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfcfr/CFRSearch. cfm? fr=312. 42 http://www. fda. gov/downloads/AboutFDA/CentersOffices/CDER/ManualofPoliciesProcedures/ucm082022. pdf How to cite Investigational New Drug Review Process, Essays

Bordetella Pertussis free essay sample

In 1906 two Belgian bacteriologists, Jules Bordet and Octave Gengou first discovered Bordetella pertussis, what is known today as the whooping cough, by isolating it in pure culture. They distinguished the whopping cough agent from the respiratory tract of children (Jules Bordet). B. pertussis is a very small, prokaryotic, coccoid bacterium, which does not make endospores. It is a gram negative bacterium which means the cell structure contains an outer membrane, an inner membrane, and a thin peptidoglycan layer. It metabolizes through aerobic respiration, is nonmotile and an encapsulated microorganism. It appears either in pairs or singly, cannot survive in the environment and only reside in human hosts, where it usually appears in the trachea and the bronchi. B. pertussis produces several virulence factors. These include pertussis toxin, which is secreted in the cell and extracellular fluid, and filamentous hemagglutinin, which is a â€Å"fimbrial-like structure on the bacterial surface† (Todar). B. pertussis is nutritionally fastidious meaning it has complex growing requirements, and is difficult to grow without specialized media. We will write a custom essay sample on Bordetella Pertussis or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It requires special growth factors and may not grow on routine media, although it has been found that the organism grows better on a media that has a slightly acidic pH. Growth of this organism is restrained by its own waste as well as heavy metals, peroxides, sulfides, and fatty acids. To neutralize any inhibitory substances and absorb toxic metabolites this organism is often grown on media with rich concentrations of blood, or charcoal. (Pertussis. ). Two different solid cultures that are used in growing B. pertussis are Bordet-Gengou agar (BGA) and Regan-Lowe agar (RLA). Bordet- Gengou agar contains potato starch and is peptone free, also an inhibitory substance. It also contains glycerol as a stabilizer, and an antibiotic, such as penicillin, to restrain gram positive organisms from growing, although the antibiotic may slightly restrain B. pertussis itself. Another method of growing B. pertussis is on Regan-Lowe agar. This agar is a charcoal based solid with defibrinated horse blood. (Ahmad). The charcoal helps absorb waste products and toxins. This charcoal agar has become more popular in laboratories because, â€Å"of the ease of its preparation and its superiority in growing B. ertussis by absorbing the toxic metabolites of the organism† (Ahmad 1071). B. pertussis grows quite slowly and it best grows when it is incubated at 35 ° to 37 ° C in a humid or moist environment for about 3 to 6 days. It grows as a mercury colored droplets with domed colonies. B. pertussis is a worldwide occurrence that causes a highly contagious acute infectio us disease called â€Å"whooping cough† which resides in the upper air pathways such as the bronchi and trachea, and appears on epithelial cilia of respiratory tract. A â€Å"whoop† is a â€Å"high-pitched noise heard when breathing in after a coughing spasm† (CDC). The first outbreaks were described in the 16th century but it was not until 1906 that it was discovered. it is a much more milder disease in adults than it is in infants, in which it can be very severe and frequent, and it was not until the 1930’s that immunization was discovered. B. pertussis is contracted through aerosol droplets from person to person, which are either sneezed or coughed in the air by the infected person. The bacteria then â€Å"attaches to the cilia of the respiratory epithelial cells, produce toxins that paralyze the cilia, and cause inflammation of the respiratory tract, which interferes with the clearing of pulmonary secretions† (Pertussis). After seven to ten days of the incubation period of the bacteria the first stage of the infection appears. This stage lasts anywhere from one to two weeks and is called the catarrhal phase. In this phase the infected person experiences cold like symptoms such as runny nose, fever, mild cough, and sneezing. After about another week or so the cough slowly becomes more severe and the second phase of the disease presumes: the paroxysmal phase. Only during this phase can the diagnosis of whooping cough actually be claimed. The cough appears at various intervals where one may become cyanotic, turn blue, and may result in vomiting due to mucus buildup on the tracheobronchial tree. If the cough is long enough an infant may go into hypoxia, which is a state where there is a reduced amount of oxygen, and further lead to seizure. In result other symptoms include dehydration, weight loss, and potentially anorexia. The last phase is called the convalescent phase meaning gradual recovery phase. The cough becomes less severe and disappears within a few weeks. (Pertussis ). â€Å"In 2004 through 2008 a total of 111 deaths from pertussis were reported to the CDC†. ( Pertussis). Pertussis toxin is an exotoxin that is produced during the infection and is the major cause of the abnormal cough. It causes T cell lymphocytosis, increased IgE synthesis, hyperglycemia, increased endotoxin sensitivity, and impairs NK cell killing. This results in the accumulation of large amounts of cAMP which leads to increased mucus secretion and interferes with many cellular functions† (Ghaffer). Other virulence factors include filamentous hemagglutinin, pertactin, and fimbriae. These are adhesions that allow the bacterium to attach to the glycolipids on the membrane of ciliated epithelial cells of the respiratory cells. (CD C). Precautions to take in order to prevent pertussis are getting vaccinated, as early as 6 weeks old, with the diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis vaccine, good hygiene, and covering the mouth when sneezing or coughing. Antibiotics are used to treat the disease. In 2010, 27,550 cases of whooping cough in the United States have been reported to the CDC. Worldwide there are up to 50 million cases and over 300,000 deaths that have been reported. Whooping cough may not sound like a severe disease but if people go untreated and unvaccinated, especially people in less developed countries, it could become fatal, especially to infants and younger children, whose immune systems are not as strong. Therefore, it is important that as many people are aware of this disease and do not go unvaccinated or untreated.

Lockes Political Philosophy an Example of the Topic Government and Law Essays by

Lockes Political Philosophy In the Second Treatise of Government Locke justifies revolt against the state if the state rules without the consent of the people whom it governs: "They, who remove, or change the legislative, take away this decisive power, which no body can have, but by the appointment and consent of the people." (Sec. 227) According to Locke, the commonwealth and the laws with the help which it rules were established by the agreement of people who lived in a "state of nature". First of all, it is important to understand what a "state of nature" is. It is a situation in which people live insulated or in family groups, but not in a community, they do not interact nor collaborate with each other to provide for their every-day needs or to protect themselves from predators. In other words, "state of nature" is what human life could have been like without laws. Need essay sample on "Locke's Political Philosophy" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed According to Locke in the state of nature all human beings are free and equal: " [what] state all men are naturally in, and that is, a state of perfect freedom to order their actions [A] state also of equality, wherein all the power and jurisdiction is reciprocal, no one having more than another;" (Sec.4) People Often Tell Us: I'm not in the mood to write my essay. Because I don't have the time Essay writer professionals suggest: Find Brilliant Papers For Sale Here Nevertheless, they are not free to do anything they wish, because of the 'law of nature', arranged by God and in compliance to which they must live. The 'law of nature' states that if a human being's freedom is violated by another human being the former is empowered to get restoration from the disturber. Correspondingly, if a part of his property is stolen he has a right to try to get it back from the thief. If a man attempts to kill him, he has the right to fight back in self-defence, if necessary killing the attacker. Encroachment upon anyone's liberty in the state of nature is regarded as an act of 'war' upon the victim, and the victim has the right to revenge: "And in the case, and upon this ground, EVERY MAN HATH A RIGHT TO PUNISH THE OFFENDER, AND BE EXECUTIONER OF THE LAW OF NATURE" (Sec.8). It became apparent that such 'state of nature' causes numerous "inconveniences" for human beings who live in it. For example, physically weak individuals are going to encounter difficulties in finding provision of food and home; and, moreover, if some stronger person decides to infringe the liberty of a weaker one, the latter will find it difficult to gain satisfaction from the disturber and thus keep up to the law of nature. The situation for the strong is not necessarily much safer as far as the weaker could assemble together to rob them of their property or kill them. On the other hand, the strong, may still take advantage of the assistance the weak can provide them in some situations, for example, if they have acquired more land than they and their families can tend. That is why, as Locke asserts, people in the state of nature decided that their interests would be better regarded if they appeared together as a people to organize a society. In this society they would be able cooperate to satisfy their needs and consequently avoid the 'inconveniences' of the state of nature. So that not to break the law of nature by themselves the members of this society would establish the commonwealth, that is an institution to administer the law and create new laws to meet new cases. Thus the people in this way confide the protection of their natural liberties to the commonwealth. Another point to consider is that division of labour to provide food is acknowledged to be more effective than simply caring for oneself. Theoretically, Locke suggests that the liberties of the individual, namely the law of nature will be more efficiently upheld by the commonwealth and its laws than by the individuals themselves. However, the authority to rule the society is granted to the commonwealth by the consent of the people governed by this commonwealth. For this purpose, a contract has been agreed between the commonwealth and the governed people to the effect that the people will obey the commonwealth on condition it upholds the law, which serves to protect the interests and liberties of the people governed by the commonwealth. The people consent to be governed by the commonwealth if its representatives impose the laws and thus protect the liberties of the people. So the contract is a bilateral pledge that both parties undertake obligation to uphold. A violation of this contract on the side of the ruled people, i.e. lawbreaking, is punished by the commonwealth: "and punishes those offences which any member hath committed against the society, with such penalties as the law has established" (Sec. 87). If the commonwealth breaks its side of the agreement, for example if it fails to fulfil its obligation to protect the liberty of the community and expropriate the property of citizens when they have not violated the law, or if it takes any another illegal actions, this constitutes for Locke a declaration of war by the commonwealth on the citizens and thus an infringement of their liberty. "and so they putting themselves into a state of war with those who made them the protectors and guardians of their peace, are properly, and with the greatest aggravation, rebellantes, rebels" (Sec 227). The commonwealth has thereby voided the original agreement with the citizens because it has acted as if it were back in the state of nature. The citizen whose liberty has been infringed therefore is entitled to attempt to recover his right. In more serious cases when the commonwealth turns into a tyranny, and disrespects all protests expressed by the majority of the citizens, and all legal and peaceful attempts to discourage the commonwealth from acting tyrannically have been unsuccessful, the people are justified, according to Locke, to raise rebellion against the commonwealth and replace the existing government or monarch with one that will obey the during its governing. However, some controversy with Locke's account arises around his concept of consent. Exclusively, the original parties to the contract that founded the commonwealth are empowered to express consent to the agreement that established the commonwealth. Successors of the original contracting parties are not usually asked for their consent, such consent seems to be taken for granted. But if they have never given their consent to the commonwealth, how can they be obligated to obey this commonwealth, let alone if it acts tyrannically? Locke's answer to this objection is his concept of tacit consent. "Tacit consent is incurred," according to Locke, "by anyone who voluntarily takes advantage of the resources of the country" (Sec. 201). One's physical presence in the country's territory is a sufficient condition for being held in this way to have consented tacitly. Citizens, he argues, are free to leave the commonwealth in which they live. If they do not do so, this is because they consent to the state tacitly, even thought not expressly. They make use of the advantages that the commonwealth has provided; therefore they accept the commonwealth. "There is a common distinction of an express and a tacit consent, which will concern our present case. No body doubts but an express consent, of any man entering into any society, makes him a perfect member of that society, a subject of that government. The difficulty is, what ought to be looked upon as a tacit consent, and how far it binds, i.e. how far any one shall be looked on to have consented, and thereby submitted to any government, where he has made no expressions of it at all. And to this I say, that every man, that hath any possessions, or enjoyment, of any part of the dominions of any government, cloth thereby give his tacit consent, and is as far forth obliged to obedience to the laws of that government, during such enjoyment, as any one under it; whether this his possession be of land, to him and his heirs for ever, or a lodging only for a week; or whether it be barely travelling freely on the highway; and in effect, it reaches as far as the very being of any one within the territories of that government." (Sec. 119) Locke admits that territorial sovereignty is one of the key features of government. Every member of community living within a determined geographic area is subject to the jurisdiction of that area's government. Locke implicitly realizes that the alternative to this would be anarchy, for he writes, "For it would he a direct contradiction, for any one, to enter into Society with others and yet to suppose his Land, whose Property is to be regulated by the Laws of the society, should be exempt from the Jurisdiction of that Government." (Sec. 121) However, Locke's doctrine of tacit consent exhibits inconsistency with his statement that people need not obey tyrannical commonwealth in two points. First, it is not appropriate to consider that simply staying within the commonwealth puts in itself a sign of consent. The only provision for not consenting in Locke's treatise is emigration from the commonwealth. This is Locke's escape from tyranny, for if people "are not permitted to emigrate, they can hardly be said to have consented." Emigration is a logical necessity within the framework of Locke's theory of consent, because without it, the whole theory loses its viability. Second, simply using the conveniences a commonwealth has provided to its people is not necessarily a sign of consent too. People who are not happy with the political system in which they live in many countries (for example Byelorussia) still use the public transport system, roads, libraries, and the other advantages that the commonwealth has to offer them. But they cannot be said to consent, even tacitly, to the authority bodies that governs them. We can conclude that Locke's doctrine of tacit consent cannot present a logically consistent response to the question of obligation to the government. Locke's theory of consent can finally lead to anarchy. The only way out for Locke was to make "consent" involving an agreement to abide by majority rule. "Whosoever therefore out of a state of nature unite into a community, must be understood to give up all the power, necessary to the ends for which they unite into society, to the majority of the community, unless they expressly agreed in any number greater than the majority" (Sec.99) Works Cited list Locke, John. The Second Treatise of Civil Government. 1690. Retrieved on 08 November 2005

BiblioBoard Getting your ebook into libraries The Reedsy Blog

BiblioBoard Getting your ebook into libraries The Reedsy Blog Getting Indie Authors Into Libraries - An Interview with Mitchell Davis of BiblioBoard When you want to know where to sell your ebooks, availability is always king. Why do you want your book on the Kindle store? Because Kindles are everywhere. Why do you want to be on the iBook store? Because iBooks is is available on over 800 million iOS devices. So when BiblioBoard say they want to help indie authors reach a network of over 2500 participating libraries, every single indie author should be paying attention.Part of their strategy for this comes back to two big ideas we’ve encountered across conversations with authors and entrepreneurs. First they offer curation that helps buyers, whether they’re readers or librarians, find the kind of books they’re looking for. Second, they’re helping to normalise independent publishing, giving indie authors an equal footing with traditionally published authors, and of course by getting their books into new spaces like public libraries.Mitchell Davis is the founder and chief business officer of  BiblioLabs ,  the creators of BiblioBoard. We spoke to Mitchell about why they started BiblioBoard, and how they’re going to help introduce the work of self-published authors to libraries across first America, and eventually the world.MITCHELL DAVISLibraries had talked to us quite a bit about knowing there were good self-published books out there, but not having the time, energy or resources to sift through them to figure out which ones they should make available to patrons. I think our background made us a natural fit for wanting to solve this problem.We first visited Library Journal in early 2014 and they knew they wanted to do something with self-publishing, but felt the LJ brand was not right to sell reviews (other publications had started selling reviews to self-published authors). As we talked, it became clear that LJ and their network of librarian reviewers were the perfect â€Å"advisory† for self-published books. They could apply their expertise to helping librarians l icense the best self-published books by genre. By paying a subscription fee and trusting LJ’s review process the library could make self-published books available to their patrons for small cost and with no headaches or hassles.What we bring to the table is the technology, product development and sales. Libraries have a huge untapped potential as a book discovery platform, but they have never had an eBook distribution platform that would let them do this successfully. LJ did a patron profile survey a couple of years ago that showed 50% of people who discover an author in the library go on to buy a book by that author. This partnership unlocks the potential of that statistic to the benefit of self-published authors.Authors selected for SELF-e get a â€Å"badge† for their book and marketing materials, exposure via Library Journal and inclusion in a service that will reach millions of potential readers. This is a marketing exercise for them to have their writing discovere d.Since our platform allows unlimited multi-user access to books (most library lending systems force books to be loaned out one at a time) librarians do not have to be terrified that if a book becomes popular it will cost them more money or create long waiting lists. Librarians can now be allies with self-published authors to help them build readership.Once an author has built an audience, they can start trying to build a writing career if that is their desire (by selling other books or selling print books). And, of course, there are plenty of self-published authors who aren’t writing for the money. So for them this is about getting people to discover and read their writing or ensure their library can have an eBook available to the local community. Whatever an author’s motivations for self-publishing, we think SELF-e can help them achieve their objectives.REEDSYCuration seems to be the #1 word in any book distribution business nowadays. How will you curate the content for SELF-e?MITCHELL DAVISThe Library Journal has developed a process to manage the workflow. The books are being assessed for ease of reading, pacing, editing and other common issues seen with self-published books. Publishers do this for books- but librarians have done this for decades as well. This gives librarians a chance to get on the front end of the process. I wrote an interesting article called â€Å"How Libraries and Patrons Can Beat Publishers at Publishing† that dives into this a bit more. The title is a bit tongue in cheek, but the points are valid.REEDSYAnother great feature of BiblioBoard/SELF-e is the â€Å"local library† approach. You can make your book available to your local library (something many indies are already trying to do on their own). How does this work exactly, and how does your platform make it easier?MITCHELL DAVISLibraries have been struggling to solve this problem since self-published eBooks began. Libraries get a branded submission form from their own website. It takes about 5 minutes for the author to submit their eBook. We accept ePubs and PDFs (meaning, that even if an author has not yet converted their book to ePub, they can still make their book available). The author can then opt to make the book available through any public library in the state that subscribes to BiblioBoard. It is a very simple process for both the author and the library.REEDSYHow big is your network of local libraries? Is it U.S.-only or do you cover other countries?MITCHELL DAVISCurrently we reach over 2500 libraries in the U.S. We have customers in the U.K. and continental Europe, but these are mostly academic and national libraries so they are not really involved in SELF-e yet.REEDSYNow to the good old startup question: the business model. Authors hate to pay, and libraries provide â€Å"free content†, so it’s even more difficult to take money from their side†¦ so, where do you make money?MITCHELL DAVISSELF-e is free to authors, but we also do not pay royalties. It is common for authors to pay commercial services like BookBub to give books away for free in order to promote themselves. We thought there was a better business model around this activity than charging the authors.We sell a platform to libraries- BiblioBoard- and we also sell content that libraries can make available to patrons on the same platform. The platform pricing is based on the size and budget of the library (larger libraries with more patrons pay more, smaller libraries pay less). The SELF-e submission system is part of the core BiblioBoard platform.The modules that will be curated by Library Journal (by genre) are an additional product sold as a subscription service to the libraries. There is a compelling value proposition to the library in the work of selecting and making available hundreds of great self-published books on an elegant platform. New titles will come in every quarter and the subscription will grow its conten t offering over time. The first products will come out next year and our intent is to price them inexpensively to encourage as many libraries as possible to participate.REEDSYI see that some of the biggest names in the indie author community (Barbara Freethy, CJ Lyons, Hugh Howey) actively endorse you guys. So I guess they are themselves using SELF-e to have their book distributed to your network of libraries, right?MITCHELL DAVISThese authors see the value in what we are doing because doing these kinds of promotions and building readership launched their own careers. And they endorse what we are doing because they believe in the power of libraries to help authors. But these authors are not part of SELF-e. We have created a different model for the distribution of books by self-published authors who are already successful.We just announced a new product called Indie Rock Stars where Hugh, Barbara, CJ and around 30 other successful self-published author’s books will be availabl e for reasonably priced, multi-user access on BiblioBoard. We do see ways SELF-e and Indie Rock Stars can work together as things move forward. As authors start to take off within SELF-e we believe some of them will break out and become Indie Rock Stars.REEDSYI discussed this question with Libiro (an indie-only eBook store) a few weeks ago, and it’d be interesting to have your view on it from an indie-only distribution-to-libraries platform perspective. Can you envision a future where readers, libraries and bookstores don’t care how the book has been published? If yes, how far away is this future?MITCHELL DAVISI don’t think readers really care much today. I think librarians care to the extent that the publishers make their jobs easier in selecting books. One big problem that publishers solve for librarians is they give a degree of confidence that the books they purchase will not embarrass them.What we are doing with SELF-e solves that problem also, but much furt her upstream and with libraries actively engaged in the process. Library Journal (and eventually librarians themselves) can sit on this wellspring of self-published content and start having a formative voice in how books reach readers. It is not outlandish to think that if we create the right user-experience that in five years a massive number of people (think: Amazon or Instagram type numbers) will think of the local library first when they want to discover a new author digitally.REEDSYReedsy is all about providing author publishers with the same level of quality they’d get through a big 5 publisher, and, in a way, raising the standard of self-publishing. So we are definitely chasing this future. How do you see both our startups integrating or collaborating in the next few years?MITCHELL DAVISI think our partnership will help authors get the help they need to go from being writers to being authors. If an author has already published their book, then that is pretty straightfo rward, but we are working with library writers programs and many other library-connected services that will generate first time manuscripts. Reedsy can provide a place for them to find the professional services they need to succeed. I am excited to see what develops between us as time goes forward.REEDSYAn easy one to finish: what’s the next big thing/milestone for Biblioboard?MITCHELL DAVISOur â€Å"next big thing† is a new user interface that will roll out in mid 2015. We have learned a lot over the past two years from library patrons and library partners; and, of course, technology stacks improve over a two-year period.Individual libraries will be branded on the new interface and we have incorporated a more visual and social way for libraries to â€Å"desk curate† the experience for their own patrons in a super simple way. We have added a whole set of tools for patrons to build their own lists and boards to help them easily organize books, videos, images, his torical documents, audio- anything their library makes available to them digitally- in one simple place.BiblioBoard will ultimately succeed by word-of-mouth and return users. We know this is what it takes for platforms to succeed today- just look at Uber, AirBnB and Evernote. Libraries live in the same world as these companies, and to be digitally relevant they have to deliver equally compelling user experiences.REEDSYThanks for your time Mitchell.What do you think about this innovative way of getting indie authors into libraries? We (Reedsy and Biblioboard) would love to hear your comments, so do join the conversation below!

Essay Writing Example

Essay Writing Example Essay Writing Example Essay Writing Example Essay writing example is provided here to give you an example of how a good essay should look like. Essay examples are good for starters, those students who not experienced in essay writing. However, you should rely on essay example as it may not be in the same style you need.   I hope the following essay example inspires you to write your own masterpiece! writers are open 24/7 to help you with writing. Examples of Persuasive Essays Example of essay writing 'Candlelighters Parent Groups' ...You only die once. For the body this may be right; for the human spirit it does not hold true. The family faced with the diagnosis of cancer in a child dies many times in spirit; at diagnosis, at relapse, at the time when they realize that their child will not be one of the lucky survivors, and at the time of the child's death. The Candlelighters Childhood Cancer Foundation is the organizational, educational, and liaison arm of a worldwide net-work of self-help groups of the parents of children who have cancer. In these groups, parents share their feelings, experiences, questions, and answers about living with childhood cancer. They exchange their own expertise in the care of sick or dying children and in dealing with extended families, well siblings, friends, schools, employers, and the community. Candlelighters understands that families are bundles of individual needs, and that different families need different resources at different times. It is a primary concern of Candlelighters to locate or act as a catalyst for the creation of services and to promote the interaction of services for family mental health wherever we have parent support groups. Candlelighters promotes the mental health of the families of children with cancer by group counseling, individual counseling, referrals to professional counseling, parent and teenage peer support meetings, hotlines, education and information programs, the provision of materials on coping for families and the professionals who work with them, financial counseling services, hospital and home volunteer visitor programs, and support organizations. Some families find hospitals and hospital programs unappealing. Some respond negatively to community mental health programs if they perceive that they are treated as "crazy" rather than stressed. In these instances, peer support may be attractive to them... Did you like the above essay example?   It is truly well-written.   We can write a similar essay for you as well!   Custom written essay is a guarantee of good grade.   Our writers are never late with essay delivery.

Mergers and Acquisitions as a Strategic Mean of Creating Value and Essay

Mergers and Acquisitions as a Strategic Mean of Creating Value and Maximizing Shareholder Wealth - Essay Example An Overview of Mergers and Acquisitions DePamphilis (2008 pp-04-06) defined mergers and acquisitions as a part of corporate and management strategies dealing with the buying, selling and combining of different organsiations having similar business activities or activities that can support the present and future growth and development in a systematic manner. Over the years, the distinction between mergers and acquisitions has become quite blurred in respect to economic outcomes but continues to attract organisations (Cartwright, Schoenberg, (2006 pp. 11-14). Studies have shown that 50% of acquisitions have been unsuccessful considering the complex process and different dimensions associated with the actual outcomes (Straub, 2007). Lazonick, O'Sullivan, (2008 pp-24-27) stated that the rationale behind mergers and acquisitions is based on the thought that two companies together can be more valuable and robust compared to two different companies. Moreover, mergers and acquisitions help i n attaining cost efficiency by sharing operational and functional costs along with thriving to achieve greater market share and efficiency in a planned way (Harwood, 2006 pp- 24-35) Relevant Theories Mergers and acquisitions can be linked with various relevant theories. ... behave and operate in a manner that leads to the creation of an identity that helps in the growth and development (Postmes, Branscombe, 2010 pp- 11-23). Mergers and acquisitions help in creating new identity for smaller organisations while helping in revamping the identity of large organsiations (Akerlof, Kranton.2010 pp- 04-11) Role Conflict Theory is based on the perception that individuals and organsiations experience role conflict by finding themselves pulled in various directions as per the status held by them (Tang, Chang, 2010 pp-13-21). Hitt, et al, (2009 pp-12-23) stated that mergers and acquisitions help in creating synergies between organisations that in turn help in enhancing the worth and value of organsiations. However, Straub (2007 pp-03-11) stated that value creation and wealth maximisation is dependent on the nature and relationships of organsiations. It can be said that both views are directed towards a positive relationship creating synergy and wealth maximisation but dependent on internal and external factors. Value destroying theory states that mergers and acquisitions fail because firms fail to address informational constraints and focus too much on private utility function that affects the overall value creation process of organsiations (Malmendier, Tate, 2005 pp- 24-32). Straub (2007 pp -23-45) also agreed to this statement and stated that mergers and acquisitions require proper assessment of internal and external factors to create value in the business environment. All these theories can be associated with other relevant theories such as SWOT, PESTEL, and Game Theory. Armstrong (2006 pp-24-34) stated that SWOT analysis is based on analysing the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of individuals and organsiations. Strengths and

Ethical Dilemma Nursing Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Ethical Dilemma Nursing - Assignment Example As doctors, their duty is to save the life of the patients. Moreover, the sanctity of life is an important factor that should be respected by one and all. The second dilemma is the ethical issues involved in the patient’s consent with regard to his treatment. Patient’s autonomy to decide about his medication and his welfare has increasingly become a critical issue within the medical field. Medical paternalism is also a strong issue here. Dr. House is famous for his brilliant but unconventional methods and therefore, his beliefs that he knows more than patients, reveals his paternalistic attitude. Last but not the least important dilemma is that of non-maleficence which dissuades doctors to deliberately harm the patients. These are crucial issues which pose serious challenges for the medical team that is treating Dr. Ezra, especially when they are asked to stop the test and put him to sleep. Answer 2 Dr. House ignores Dr. Ezra’s request for stopping further tests and his demand for euthanasia. The two main ethical principles that can be applied to support Dr. House’s actions are medical beneficence and Kantian’s theory of deontology. The principle of beneficence and non-maleficence are important ethical issues within the medical field that support Dr. House’s actions. ... Kantian’s deontology promotes the concept that the motives of actions always be right and towards the wider benefit of the people (Schneewind, 1990). Acting appropriately at all times, therefore, becomes a key issue that is not concerned with the consequences but the acts which are carried out with good motives. In this case, the House’s major concern was to diagnose the cause of the worsening medical condition of Dr. Ezra. Therefore, his insistence on the tests was aimed at giving relief to Dr. Ezra through diagnosis. House believed that the test would help him to find the cause and equip him with knowledge and information to start the right treatment and correct medication which would help the patient to fully recover. Answer 3 As a nurse, I would not condone Dr. House’s actions mainly because of two ethical principles: the patient has a right to make a decision about his treatment. Patient’s consent is very important that not only shows that he is aware of the pros and con of the treatment and therefore, but his agreement or refusal is also an empowered decision. In this case, Dr. Ezra himself was a renowned medical professional who knew the futility of tests and therefore had asked the team to stop the treatment. Dr. House’s contention that he knows best, defy the basic module of the patient’s autonomy. Furthermore, House was not sure of the diagnosis and all his test were just blind guesses for coming to a definite conclusion. The test could also have an adverse impact on Dr. Ezra’s conditions. Hence, my belief that Dr. House’s actions were not right. Secondly, the utilitarian theory of Bentham proposes that actions should give happiness to the maximum number of people (Rosentand, 2002).  Ã‚  

Motherhood and slavery Essay Example for Free

Motherhood and slavery Essay As a capable black woman and as a mother, Sethe feels obligated to provide Beloved, whether her daughter or not, a bed to sleep in and somebody there not worrying you to death about what you got to do each day to deserve it (Beloved 67-68). Therefore, her job as mother, as caretaker, as life-giver and life-maintainer is never-ending, and because it is never-ending, it has the potential to take her to her grave. Beyond that, Sethe fears losing Beloved before she can make her understand that worse than killing her own daughter, —far worse—was what Baby Suggs died of what Ella knew, what Stamp saw and what made Paul D tremble. (Beloved 251). Although not entirely true, for Sethes best thing is herself, the one thing about herself that she values, that slavery has not taken away from her is motherhood. This, for Sethe, is maintaining a mental survival for her children, preventive medicine for the ills of slavery. As Kubitschek notes, On the plantations black womens nurturance—from the physical (nursing milk) to the metaphysical (energy and patience)—is used up primarily in working fields and tending white children (166). But for Sethe, who was able to have her children with her, the major means of protecting children from slavery is to value them and to communicate this value to them (Kubitschek 166). This is a sacrifice Sethe and many mothers, traditional and nontraditional, are more than willing to make. This becomes especially painful in part two of the novel. When Sethe thinks about Beloved and her own actions, she says she will explain it all to Beloved, reflecting, How if I hadnt killed her she would have died and that is something I could not bear to happen to her Ill tend her as no mother ever tended a child, a daughter. Nobody will ever get my milk no more except my own children (Beloved 200). Here we can see transforming and destereotyping potential of Sethes actions. She goes on thinking of how she will change, how she can mother now as a free woman. In this case, it is as if Sethe must be a nontraditional, unstereotypical mother in order to accomplish the traditional mothering role she wants to attain. She also reflects on her faults when Beloved returns, how she was distracted by Paul D and should not have been. But it is at this point that she demonstrates the difference between man and woman, between father and mother. Kubitschek argues that In the twilight area of an illegal freedom, Sethe has immediately, upon being summoned back to slavery, acted on a slave definition of mothering: presence is all (167). Being together, even if dead together, was enough. Presence is all. Lucille Fultz cites Marsha Darlings interview with Morrison in which Morrison asserts: Under the theatrical conditions of slavery, if you made that claim that you are the mother of these children you were claiming the right to say something about what happens to them. Morrison terms Sethes commitment to her children an excess of maternal feeling, a total surrender. This surrender is configured in Sethes desire to protect her daughter from the ills she suffered as a female slave. (40) Sethe takes her protection of her children one step further. Fultz contends that Through desire and knowledge Sethe achieves subjectivity for herself and her children. She refuses to subscribe to the system that treats her and her family as objects (38). She especially needs to make up to Beloved, perhaps because she killed her, or perhaps because the death separated them as Sethe had been separated from her own maam. Kubitschek asserts, Still defining motherhood as keeping her children with her, Sethe cannot reject the ghosts presence (167). Perhaps it is more a loss of a time component than the actual murder component that Sethe regrets. Thus, because she spent so little time with her own mother, she must spend as much time with her daughters as possible, which leads to their month of playing together. Morrison visually paints their month, noting the star-loaded sky, sweet milk, string puzzles in afternoon light, shadow pictures in the gloaming, a garden of vegetables and flowers (Beloved 240). All of this serves Sethes purpose until Beloved decides it is not enough, and Denver realizes that her mother could die and leave them both and what would Beloved do then? (Beloved 243). Beloved has no life of her own, no name, and never did. She was never called anything but the crawling already? girl and Beloved as her gravestone marked her. Not a name to cling to. Morrison tells us that Everybody knew what she was called, but nobody anywhere knew her name (Beloved 274) because she is a representation of life, many lives, but does not get the opportunity to live her own. She can be the woman during the Middle Passage; she can be the woman in slavery; she can be the woman who escaped slavery; and she is all of these. She embodies each and every woman of the African American motherline and is also linked to Sethes own mother who, like the murdered granddaughter, remains nameless (OReilly 86, 87). But as a result, she is never herself. Morrison poetically crosses three generations of women, who learn and demonstrate survival skills, in a very matriarchally religious trinity—mother: Sethes mother; daughters: Sethe and eventually Denver; and holy ghost: Beloved. Each fights for survival of herself, and of future generations through different means. Sethes mother rebels and is hanged, but impresses upon her daughter what truly matters—the self and a sense of connection with ones own matrilineal line. Sethe escapes slavery with her children and is willing to kill them so that they may survive maintaining their natural selves. Beloved is reincarnated. This is her survival, but it also leads to Denvers ability to survive on her own, which further protects and preserves the potential for future generations. Essentially, all these women can fight for survival at this point in the novel because there is a sense of belonging, of necessity. Sethe gives herself inherence when she places complete necessity on herself for the responsibility of her children. Morrison describes Sethe as a free woman, as a free mother, writing, Freeing yourself was one thing; claiming ownership of that freed self was another (Beloved 95). But that is what Sethe is able to do. In the Clearing, she claims herself. At this point, she is finally able to attach herself to the self that she can create. As a result, she can also, hi her mother role, help begin to claim selfhood for those around her. Thus, she returned to 124, opened the door, walked in and locked it tight behind her and when Sethe locked the door, the women inside were free at last to be what they liked, see whatever they saw and say whatever was on their minds (Beloved 198, 199). This is all part of Sethes role as mother. She defends others, her own girls especially, with her whole body, her whole home. Yet, the one thing she does not immediately understand or establish for herself, until Paul D makes her realize it, is that Beloved, her crawling already?girl, was not her best thing. Sethe is a woman destined for survival early on because of the actions she takes and the decisions she makes as a mother, but she cannot see her personal value beyond powerful motherhood until the end, when she is a free woman: free of slavery, free of Beloved, beginning to be free of the past, free of the blame of murdering her daughter to save her, and free of the blame of making the ink schoolteacher used to assess their animal characteristics and measurements (Beloved 271). Then and only then does she fully comprehend the destereotyped notion of best thing as herself. Redefining motherhood for herself, Sethe also redefines the foundation of humanity. By making her character commit that horrible act, Toni Morrison asks her reader: is the inhumanity in Sethe’s killing of the baby or is it in the horrible system that drives her to commit this act? Playing with the reader’s mind, Morrison dislocates scenes of the slaves’ beating that are prevalent in narratives of slavery. For the image of the master holding the stick, she substitutes that of the slave committing a violent act on her own child. From now on the slave is given the opportunity to have a voice. Why murder her baby? With this infanticide, Sethe’s writing of history undermines the ideology that founded the white masters. This ideology, based on a racial and gendered duality, locates humanity within the white race. It is this vision and appropriation of humanity that Morrison attacks. If humanity lies in the empowerment of the white man who engages in a violent exploitation of the non-white, driving the latter to kill her child, where does inhumanity stand?

Nursing Will Allow Me to Contribute to the Community Essay -- College

Nursing Will Allow Me to Contribute to the Community Jeffrey Hart in, â€Å"How to Get a College Education,† discusses the importance of knowing why students are taking certain courses. Not only does he discuss the reasons for choosing a major, but also the importance of their later careers once degrees have been obtained. Hart backs up one of his philosophy professor’s beliefs that â€Å"The goal of education is to produce the citizen† (129). With reference to this quote, one can question, â€Å"What is the job of the citizen?† A citizen’s job is to do whatever can be done to make the community a pleasant one. This can be done in a variety of ways such as through community service, which is important because it enhances the quality of the community as well as the people within it. Thus,â€Å"The citizen will, if need be, recreate his civilization† (Hart129). Therefore, through the nursing education I will receive at State University, I will be capable of giving back to the hospita l, that has given so much to the community, by helping the sick, old and young. The hospital is New Brunswick, Robert Wood Johnson University Hospital, where I aspire to work in future, and it is well known for its services to the community. Since university education â€Å"is the education which gives a man a clear conscious view of his own opinions and judgments, a truth in developing them, an eloquence in expressing them, and a force in urging them† (Newman 49), State will help me fit into Robert Wood Johnson which has taken on that responsibility to educate anyone who will take the opportunity. It offers a vast number of programs for the young and old to get involved to improve themselves and the community as a whole. A great example of these ... ...e good young men and women, decent human beings, who are compassionate, committed and dedicated to serving mankind and promoting better human relations and enrichment, and State University will do just that for me. Giving service to others not only touches the lives of those being helped, but also helps to build our character, to provide much needed interaction with others, and to improve the world in which we all live together. Works Cited Hart, Jeffrey. â€Å"How to Get a College Education.† The Presence of Others. 3rd ed. Ed. Andrea A. Lunsford and John J. Ruszkiewicz. New York: St. Martin’s, 2000. 126-131. Newman, Henry. â€Å"The Idea of a University.† The Presence of Others. 3rd ed. Ed. Andrea A. Lunsford and John J. Ruszkiewicz. New York: St. Martin’s, 2000. 46-49.

Anti-Gay Attitude in Schools

The article I read was on anti-gay comments in Canadian schools. Two university professors of Manitoba conducted a national survey of both homosexual and heterosexual teens. Out of 3,700 students across Canada, hear insulting comments on a daily basis. The survey found that seventy per cent of students heard phrases like â€Å"that’s so gay† and forty eight per cent heard derogatory terms like â€Å"faggot,† â€Å"lezbo† and â€Å"dyke† every day. The article recommends that school boards should apply gay-straight alliances such as the LGBTQ (lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender or queer) groups which are common in high school and a broad education as well as better teacher training. People who are insulted for being gay are simply harassed. Everyone has the right to life and security as guaranteed by our constitution. We have many bullies at school and comments such as those as I listed and are just another form of a put down and should not be allowed anywhere, including school. Students who do this are just ignorant and immature but adults who ignore it are the real problem. This relates to psychology because if you examine the percentage of people who get harassed in school; could have mental health issues in the future such as stress for being discriminated in schools, suffering from anxiety and depression, or addictive behaviour because of their sexual orientation. This could also lead to eating disorders, drug and alcohol abuse, and suicide. The likelihood of suicides happening are people who probably can’t cope with discrimination, isolation, and loneliness. In conclusion, the researchers said that there is a lot of ground to help push for an improved school climate which is true because high school is tough for everyone. And even after high school it doesn't stop being tough.

Johnny Depp Film Star

Johnny Depp John Christopher  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Johnny†Ã‚  Depp II  born June 9, 1963, was born in  Owensboro, Kentucky. He was raised in  Florida as the youngest of four children. His mother was Betty Sue Palmer, a waitress, and John Christopher Depp, a  civil engineer. The family moved frequently during Depp's childhood, and he and his siblings lived in more than 20 different locations, settling in  Miramar, Florida, in 1970. In 1978, Depp's parents divorced when he was fifteen. His mother married, as her second husband, Robert Palmer, whom Depp called â€Å"an inspiration to me†.A year after his parents' divorce, Depp dropped out of high school to become a rock musician. He attempted to go back to school two weeks later, but the principal told him to follow his dream of being a musician. He played with The Kids, a band that gained local success. The Kids set out together for Los Angeles in pursuit of a record deal, changing their name to Six Gun Method, but the group split up before signing a record deal. Depp engaged in  self-harm  when he was young, due to the stress of dealing with family problems, which resulted in several self-inflicted scars.In a 1993 interview, he reflected on his self-injury by saying â€Å"My body is a journal in a way. It's like what sailors used to do, where every  tattoo  meant something, a specific time in your life when you make a mark on yourself, whether you do it yourself with a knife or with a professional tattoo artist†. (Johnny Depp Biography 1) On December 24, 1983, Depp married Lori Anne Allison, the sister of his band's bass player and singer. During Depp's marriage, his wife worked as a makeup artist, while he worked a variety of odd jobs, including a  telemarketer  for pens.His wife introduced him to actor  Nicolas Cage, who advised Depp to pursue an acting career. Depp and his wife divorced in 1985. Both Depp and his subsequent fiance  Sherilyn Fenn  auditioned for the 1986 fil m  Thrashin'  and they were both cast, with Depp being chosen by the film's director to star as the lead, which would have been Depp's second major role. Depp was later turned down by the film's producer, who rejected the director's decision. (Johnny Depp Biography & FAQ) Johnny Depp  is an American actor, film producer, and musician.He has won the  Golden Globe Award  and  Screen Actors Guild  award for Best Actor. Depp rose to prominence on the 1980s television series  21 Jump Street, becoming a  teen idol. Unhappy with that status, Depp turned to film for more challenging roles; he played the title character of the acclaimed  Edward Scissorhands  (1990) and later found box office success in films such as  Sleepy Hollow  (1999),   Charlie and the Chocolate Factory  (2005),  Alice in Wonderland  (2010),  Rango  (2011) and the  Pirates of the Caribbean  film series  (2003–present).He has collaborated with director and friend  Tim Burton  in eight films; the most recent being  Dark Shadows  (2012). Depp has gained acclaim for his portrayals of such people as  Ed Wood, in  Ed Wood,  Joseph D. Pistone  in  Donnie Brasco,  Hunter S. Thompson  in  Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas,  George Jung  in  Blow, and the bank robber  John Dillinger  in  Michael Mann's  Public Enemies. Films featuring Depp have  grossed  over $3. 1  billion at the United States box office and over $7. 6  billion worldwide.He has been nominated for top awards many times, winning the Best Actor Awards from the  Golden Globes  for  Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street  and from the  Screen Actors Guild  for  Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl. He also has garnered a  sex symbol  status in American cinema, being twice named as the â€Å"Sexiest Man Alive† by  People  magazine  in 2003 and 2009. He has been listed in the 2012  Guinness Book of World Records  as the highest paid actor with $75 million. Johnny Depp Biography 2) Other notable random trivial facts I found about Johnny Depp on IMDB. com include Johnny in 1994, Depp was arrested and questioned by police for allegedly causing serious damage to a New York City hotel suite, he was arrested again in 1999 for brawling with paparazzi  outside a restaurant while dining in London. He adopted Goldeneye, the one-eyed Andalusian horse who played Gunpowder, Ichabod Crane's steed in  Sleepy Hollow  (1999), thereby saving him from the glue factory.Johnny has residences in multiple places including France, Los Angeles, and an island he owns in the Bahamas. He divides his time in France between Meudon, a suburb of Paris and a villa in Plan-de-la-Tour, an hour outside of St Tropez in Southern France. On November 19, 1999 Johnny received a Star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. As a child, he was allergic to chocolate. He is the only actor to be nominated for the Oscar i n the Lead Actor category in a Disney film (Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl  (2003)).Johnny is often found citing Captain Jack Sparrow (Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl  (2003)) and  Edward Scissorhands  (1990) as the favorite characters that he has played. He is a godfather of  Tim Burton  son Billy Ray Burton. A few things that Johnny is scared of are clowns, spiders, and ghosts. He turned down the role of Bruce Banner in  Hulk  in 2003. Johnny Depp is the only actor to appear in 3 of the 10 films to gross $1 billion with  Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest  (2006),  Alice in Wonderland (2010) and  Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides  (2011). IMDb) A complete filmogophry would be Nightmare on Elm Street (1984), Private Resort (1985), Slow Burn (1986), Platoon (1986), Cry-Baby (1990), Edwards Scissorhands (1990), Freddy’s Dead:The Final Nightmare (1991), Benny ; Joon (1993), What’s Eating Gilbert Grape (1993), Arizona Dream (1993), Ed Wood (1994), Don Juan DeMarco (1995), Dead Man (1995), Nick of Time (1995), Cannes Man (1996), Donnie Brasco (1997), The Brave (1997), Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas (1998), L. A.Without a Map (1998), The Ninth Gate (1999), Sleepy Hollow (1999), The astronaut’s Wife (1999), Chocolat (2000), Before Night Falls (2000), Blow (2001), The Man Who Cried (2001), From Hell (2001), Once Upon a Time in Mexico (2003), Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl (2003), Happily Ever After (2004), Secret Window (2004), Finding Neverland (2004), The Libertine (2004), Charlie and the Chocolate Factory (2005) Corpse Bride (2005), Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man’s Chest (2006), Pirates of the Caribbean: At World’s End (2007), Sweeny Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street (2007), Public Enemies (2009), The Imaginarium of Doctor Parnassus (2009), Alice in Wonderland (2010), The Tourist (2010), Rango (2011), Pirate s of the Caribbean: On Stanger Tides (2011), The Rum Diary (2011), Jack and Jill (2011), 21 Jump Street (2012), Dark Shadows (2012) , The Lone Ranger (2013), Transcendence (2014), Pirates of the Caribbean (2015). (IMDb) Sources: â€Å"Johnny Depp Biography 1. †Ã‚  Bio. com. A;E Networks Television, n. d. Web. 12 Apr. 2013. â€Å"Johnny Depp Biography 2. †Ã‚  Johnny Depp. Bio, n. d. Web. 12 Apr. 2013. â€Å"Johnny Depp Biography & FAQ. †Ã‚  Johnny Depp Biography ; FAQ. N. p. , 27 July 2011. Web. 12 Apr. 2013.

Correcting Other Peoples Grammar

Correcting Other Peoples Grammar A suggestion . . . dont do it. Every once in a great while, a typo or grammatical error appears in the newsletter. I have a wonderful proofreader, and, between us, we comb the newsletter each week. But hey, sometimes when the stars align and we both have a bad week, an item slips There is little more insulting than for someone who never offers positive feedback, to smugly tell someone that their grammar is wrong. Let me explain why. 1) Once the words are said and/or published, they cannot be taken back, regardless of how noble the criticism. You did wrong, becomes more the message. 2) Rather than educate the person (as the critic often states is their motive), theyve insulted them. Unless the critic is personally close to the individual, their criticism will be considered  critical, not enlightening. 3) The critic is remembered as a critic. They are burning a bridge. 4) The mistake might be a one-time thing. Better to wait and identify a trend rather than pounce on a happenstance slip. Critics will often begin their assessment with one of the following remarks: 1) I normally love your work, but this mistake bothered me 2) You are normally keener than this, but I couldnt help but notice 3) I used to be an English teacher/bestselling novelist/editor/term paper grader and cannot help myself 4) Sorry, but Ive always been fanatical about grammar, and I couldnt help but notice If its not repetitious, dont do it. Even then, think twice. Trust me; you arent remembered in a fond light. A week ago, a gentleman wrote about using THEIR as a singular pronoun, stating that I made a mistake. Then he downplayed it, joking, typing in jumbled up, misspelled words  that he wasnt necessarily a professional but just wanted to bring it to my attention. My response was that I dont correct other people. Once something is published, it cannot be undone. However, since he opened that door, I wanted to cite places that use/endorse/explain using THEIR in a singular context. In return, he got mad for being corrected and unsubscribed. Just think twice before correcting someone else. We arent always so perfect ourselves.

How to Conjugate the Verb Sapere in Italian

How to Conjugate the Verb Sapere in Italian â€Å"Sapere† is often one of the first verbs Italian language students learn, because learning how to say â€Å"I don’t know (non lo so) in the midst of lots of fast speech is essential. So, in this article, you can expand your knowledge of this verb with examples and all of its conjugations. Definition of Sapere To knowTo know how toTo be aware ofTo learn Sapere Conjugation Sapere can be a transitive verb, which requires a direct object, and an intransitive verb, which does not. In both forms, it is conjugated with the auxiliary verb avere.The infinito is sapere.The participio passato is saputo.The gerund form is sapendo.The past gerund form is avendo saputo. Indicativo/Indicative Il presente io so noi sappiamo tu sai voi sapete lui, lei, Lei sa Essi, Loro sanno Esempi: Non lo so. I don’t know.Mi sa dire dov’à ¨ la Piazza di Pietra?  Can you let me know where Piazza di Pietra is? Il passato prossimo io ho saputo noi abbiamo saputo tu hai saputo voi avete saputo lui, lei, Lei, ha saputo loro, essi hanno saputo Esempi: E poi ho saputo che mi aveva detto un sacco di bugie! And then I found out that he had told me a ton of lies!Hanno saputo che il museo era chiuso subito dopo aveva iniziato a piovere. They found out the museum was closed right after it started to rain. L’imperfetto io sapevo noi sapevamo tu sapevi voi sapevate lui, lei, Lei sapeva loro, essi sapevano Esempi: Non sapevo cosa dovevo fare! I didn’t know what I should do!Linda sapeva suonare la chitarra quando aveva sette anni, ma ha dimenticato tutto. Linda knew how to play the guitar when she was seven years old, but she has forgotten everything. Il trapassato prossimo io avevo saputo noi avevamo saputo tu avevi saputo voi avevate saputo lui, lei, Lei aveva saputo loro, essi avevano saputo Esempi: Aveva saputo che sarei venutoa a Roma. He had heard that I would be coming to Rome.Mi disse che avevate saputo quello che era successo. She told me that you all heard what had happened. Il passato remoto io seppi noi sapemmo tu sapesti voi sapeste lui, lei, Lei seppe loro, essi seppero Esempi: Non seppi nà ¨ leggere nà ¨ scrivere fino alla maggiore et. I didn’t know how to read nor how to write till I was 18.Nessuno seppe che ero partito. No one knew that I had left. Il trapassato remoto io ebbi saputo noi avemmo saputo tu avesti saputo voi aveste saputo lui, lei, Lei ebbe saputo loro, essi ebbero saputo This tense is rarely used, so don’t worry too much about mastering it. You’ll find it only in very sophisticated writing. Il futuro semplice io sapr noi sapremo tu saprai voi saprete lui, lei, Lei sapr loro, essi sapranno Esempi: Ti farà ² sapere non appena ne saprà ² di pià ¹. I’ll let you know as soon as I find out more about it.Spero che queste persone sapranno arrivare al ristorante! Noi ci siamo persi. I hope these people will manage to get to the restaurant! We got lost! Il futuro anteriore io avr saputo noi avremo saputo tu avrai saputo voi avrete saputo lui, lei, Lei avr saputo loro, essi avranno saputo Esempi: Deciderà ² quando avrà ² saputo come à ¨ andata tutta la faccenda! I’ll make a decision as soon as I know the matter went.Sicuramente avranno saputo del tuo viaggio per l’Italia! Surely they will have heard about your trip through  Italy! Congiuntivo/Subjunctive Il presente che io sappia che noi sappiamo che tu sappia che voi sappiate che lui, lei, Lei sappia che loro, essi sappiano Esempi: Non credo che tu non sappia la verit! I can’t believe that you don’t know the truth.Penso che sappiano suonare gli strumenti, avevano una banda cinque anni fa! I think they know how to play instruments, they had a band five years ago. Il passato io abbia saputo noi abbiamo saputo tu abbia saputo voi abbiate saputo lui, lei, Lei abbia saputo loro, essi abbiano saputo Esempi: Suppongo non abbiano saputo le notizie di oggi. I suppose they hadn’t heard today’s news.Peccato che non abbia saputo che fossimo qua, ieri sera ci avrebbe potuto raggiungere per cena. It’s a shame that he didn’t know we were here, he could have caught up with us for dinner last night. L’imperfetto io sapessi noi sapessimo tu sapessi voi sapeste lui, lei, Lei sapesse loro, essi sapessero Esempi: Non sapevo che pure lui sapesse la verit! Che brutta figura! I didn’t know that he also knew the truth! How embarrassing!Scusa! Pensavo che tu sapessi come si usa il metro a Roma, altrimenti te lo avrei detto prima. Sorry! I thought that you knew how one uses the metro in Rome, otherwise, I would have told you about it  first. Il trapassato prossimo io avessi saputo noi avessimo saputo tu avessi saputo voi aveste saputo lui, lei, Lei avesse saputo loro, essi avessero saputo Esempi: Se io avessi saputo cantare, sarei andato su quel palco scenico. If I had known how to sing, I would have gone up on that stage.Se avessimo saputo le notizie di Giulia prima, non le avremmo detto del matrimonio di Roberto! If we had heard Giulia’s news first, we wouldn’t have told her about Roberto’s wedding! Condizionale/Conditional Il presente io saprei noi sapremmo tu sapresti voi sapreste lui, lei, Lei saprebbe te loro, essi saprebbero Esempi: Se solo avessi frequentato le lezioni di piano, adesso saprei come suonarlo! If only I had  been attending piano lessons, I would know how to play it now!Insegnare una lingua? Sembra qualcosa che Rachele saprebbe fare! Teaching a language? It seems like something Rachel would know how to do. Il passato io avrei saputo noi avremmo saputo tu avresti saputo voi avreste saputo lui, lei, Lei avrebbe saputo loro, Loro avrebbero saputo Se avessi detto il segreto a Marco, poi tutto il mondo l’avrebbe saputo! If you had told Marco the secret, then the whole world would have found out about it.Carlotta, scusa, ma sono confusa e Rachele mi ha detto che avresti saputo cosa fare. Carlotta, sorry, but I’m confused and Rachel told me that you would know what to do.

Illegal immigration Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Illegal immigration - Essay Example The end of the Civil War grew the desire to restrict immigration of specific groups to the United States. In 1875, the first statute was passed to restrict immigration which was barring prostitutes and convicts from admission (Nadadur, 2010). Various laws were enacted some to curb the issue of illegal immigration and others to ensure that regardless of their situation the immigrants are not subjected to any discrimination or unfair treatment. Undocumented people go through a lot of discriminations in the United States. Institutions that have been set up by the government are sometimes seen to be the perpetuators of these kinds of injustices (Obama, 2015). From the health sector, education, finance and even housing, they are seen to discriminate against the undocumented regardless of these areas handling the basic needs of any human being. Although these people access the United States without all the required documentation, they deserve to be respected and be treated as human beings. On the health sector, the undocumented also face discrimination. Disease breakouts are sometimes among the reasons why people migrate from their country to the United States. The migration is usually in search of a better health environment but the reception they get at the health facilities is not as they expect. The health insurance and policies available have not put them into consideration making access to health facilities difficult (Rhodes et al., 2015). Yet, access to health services constitutes the main determinant of the quality of life for all human beings. The employment world in the United States is another key area where the undocumented face discrimination. Most of the undocumented are people who come to the United States in search of a better job. Upon their arrival, they may have the qualifications needed to perform a particular task but an American will be given the priority. Once immigrants

The epic of gilgamesh by stephen mitchell Essay

The epic of gilgamesh by stephen mitchell - Essay Example The analysis also sheds light upon what perceptions Enkidu has of mankind and how he believes that his race has no hope of success against superior beings due to their fear. Enkidu tries to explain how defeating the Humbaba will be an impossible mission. He tries to explain the attributes of the beast with words like: â€Å"His jaws are death†, â€Å"his breath spews fire, etc (Mitchell, 93). Enkidu seems to be trying to convince Gilgamesh to let go of the idea of defeating the creature as it will be physically superior to any human, and its supernatural attributes will ensure a victory at his end and death at the side of men. The way he says: â€Å"But how can any man dare to enter the Cedar forest?† shows that Enkidu is unsure and afraid of going on this quest. Enkidu wants Gilgamesh to let go of the idea of defeating the beast (Mitchell, 93). Enkidu is constantly trying to explain how the Humbaba is terrifying and will overcome them. He explains various attributes of the beat with precise detail like the beast is fit for listening to the faintest sound in the woods. This helps to shed light upon Enkidu’s belief that they will not have the chance to achieve triumph in the adventure as the beast will overcome them and death will become their fate. Enkidu further indicates how the creature is startling and undefeatable by portraying its jaws, voice, and breath that he says transmits fire (Mitchell, 93). His nervousness can be assessed as he further expresses that no man or god can overcome the Humbaba. He, in any case, indicates that somehow it is conceivable to reach success against the beast if man can overcome his fear. When he says that, the animal is there to scare men and that the individuals who are apprehensive will be stuck down due to fear (Mitchell, 93). It demonstrates that men who manage to overcome thei r fear against the Humbaba may win the fight because of their gallant and brave nature. This statement presents a contradiction

Entrepreneural Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Entrepreneural - Research Paper Example ea explains to the management the effect that the idea will have on the organization and how to implement the idea in the existing procedures (Christiansen, 2000). The organization has a culture that upholds change that arises. Management has ensured that it has induced a positive culture that encourages employees to welcome any change that will have a positive impact towards the organization’s performance. On the other hand, leaders are the implementers of the change. They ensure that they lead the rest of the organization towards changes the organization. The organization has also ensured that it provides a serene environment for the innovators. This is through providing psychological and financial support to those who have an idea that may change the organizational performance. Employees also give human capital inform of giving ideas towards refining the idea for it to become more effective for the whole organization. This has played a major role in encouraging potential innovators to come up with diverse ideas that has seen an increased competitiveness of the organization (Christiansen, 2000). For the management to increase creativity and innovation in the organization, they must create a good relationship with their subordinates. Many of the innovative ideas come from the low ranked employees. As a result, leaders should adopt open office policy to encourage employees t consult them when need arises concerning the idea (Christiansen, 2000). Second, the organization leaders should set aside funds that will help those with ideas to purchase all the necessary materials required to spearhead the idea(s). Funds have been the greatest setback towards innovation therefore; availability of the funds will encourage employees to come up with ideas that will improve the organizations status (Christiansen, 2000). The management can encourage innovation through giving out incentives. In case an employee comes up with an innovative idea and it brings change in the

Evolutionary Changes to Horses

Evolutionary Changes to Horses Enough horse fossils have been found so that archaeologists are able to trace the evolution of horses. The earliest fossil of a horse found was a dog sized Eohippus (Tyagi, 2009). This four toed Eohippus lived around 55 million years ago (Hall, 2010). The Equus mostly stayed the same with the exception of slight toe and teeth changes. During the Oligocene era about 34-34 million years ago the horse grew in size and 4 toes evolved into 3. Also in this time the horse had vanished from Europe, Africa and Asia and for the following million years the only place which was habitable for the horse was in the western part of North America (Rice, 2007). The Miocene era saw lush vegetation disappear and the land became a grassy plain. The horse was forced to adapt and evolve in order to survive in this new environment, for example its teeth needed to change so it was able to chew the new food, its toes changed into hooves which made it easier to get about the different landscapes. These horses are thought to have had a similar brain and molars to the modern horse of today (Kimball 2006). The only real wild horse, to compare to the domesticated horse is the Przewalskis horse, although this species is extinct in the wild, there are some captive in zoos which have saved the species from total extinction and are now being captive bred (Boyd 1994). The Fell pony originates from the England/Scotland border. They are only a small breed around 14h maximum but are capable of carrying an adult man (Davis, 2008). They are a hard and sturdy breed and also versatile. The Fell pony matures late and will not breed often until as late as 7 years old. Most of the native Fells are left to roam free until the age of 2 or 3 and they arent overfed. Mares shouldnt breed before the age of 3 or permanent damage could be done to the reproductive organs and the mares maturity and growth can be restricted (Fell pony society, 2006). Environmental Factors Survival of the fittest means that only the strongest most resourceful animals live to breed. In the bad winter of 1946-47 most of the pure bred native ponies survived, but cross-breeds died. This winter was so bad that all but one group of Fell ponies that were cut off by deep snow for 6 weeks also perished (Richardson, 2008) The environment influences a horses characters, for example weight and muscle, these all depend on nutrition and exercise. The athletic ability and temperament also changes with different environmental factors. The size of the pony was due to the quality of grazing, ponies that were bigger than 13hh could not have survived on the moorland as their food intake would need to be greater than the smaller ponies (Mills, 2005). Demographic profiling of horse domestication is hard. Mongol herds show the selective slaughter of stallions at 2 and half years old, leaving the mares to survive (Zeder, 2006). A horses breed typical behaviour is reflected on the combination of two forces- physical environment and humans. Temperament differences are often linked with blood temperature (Jensen, 2009) Human intervention In early history of the Fell Pony, their origins were from indigenous ponies of the region, and in the Roman period of Northern England the horses were cross-bred with horses which were introduced by foreign mercenaries. These horses from Friesland region have the pre-potency and characteristics still seen today in the Fell pony (Richardson, 2008) There was also a mixture of Galloway blood, also Welsh cob from the stallion Comet. Small amount of Andalusian blood and finally Yorkshire trotter, which explains the larger 14.2hh ponies when the breed limit is 14hh (Fell pony Society, 2009). During the industrial revolution the Fell pony was used as a pack pony. They carried up to 16 stone of lead, iron ore, slate and coal from the mines. These ponies travelled 240 miles a week. From Kendal 300 Fells left to go over the country carrying cargo such as fish, grain, chickens and dairy products (Hamlets house, n.d.) The Fell pony society was created in 1916 and has the Queen Elizabeth II as the patron (Fell pony society, 2003). During the depression of the 1930s along with mechanisation the Fell pony breed was threatened and in 1932 at a stallion show there was only 3 ponies that were shown. King George V saved the Fell pony breed with a large donation and also Beatrix Potter donated to save this breed (Richardson, 2008) Low breeding numbers can drastically reduce the gene pool in a breed, causing it to bottle neck. This happened to the Fell ponies. In 1914, 5 stallions were the direct descendant of the famous Blooming Heather. Homozygosity is 54% in British rare breed horses. (Richardson, 2008) In todays terms, nature is taking out of the equation; there is no longer survival of the fittest among these horses. We provide them food and shelter, there is no longer natural selection (Richardson, 2008). Humans took horses from their environment in which they had evolved, and managed them under convenient conditions for us (Waran, 2007) These days the Fell pony is used by man for showing, riding and driving. The Fell pony society regularly holds performance trials where the horse tackles different terrains such as boggy paths and water crossing. These horses are smart and need to be kept active (The Fell pony society, 2009). Gene flow and polygenic inheritance of traits Not all Fell ponies are black. There are also brown, bay and grey ponies. Black didnt become the main colour until the end of 20th century, before this time dark bay was just as common as the black ponies (Fell Pony Museum, 2010). The two subspecies of wild horses are the Tarpan and Przewalskis horse. During domestication mares were crossed with stallions that had more desirable characteristics. It is assumed that mares from different regions were varied in morphology because of the adaptation to their environmental conditions. Gene flow (migration) is the main reason for lack of phylogeographic structure. As horses are so active migration levels are high. Two wild horses were found to have identical haplotypes from the Pleistocene era, one from Germany and the other Siberia (Kavar, 2008) The colour of a horse is built on a base of two colours only, black- E and chestnut e. The colour of a horse is controlled by genes at 12 different loci (Thiruvenkadan, 2008). The two genetic loci: Extension and Agouti control the black or chestnut colour of a horse (Sponenberg, 2003). Black is dominant over chestnut, and chestnut is therefore recessive. A horse that carries 2 black genes EE will be homozygous- black, a horse that carries one black gene and one chestnut gene Ee will also be black however it will be heterozygous, and finally a horse that carries two chestnut genes ee will always be homozygous, chestnut. If two heterozygous black horses are bred together Ee+Ee there will be a 1 in 4 chance of producing a black homozygous EE , 2 out of 4 chances of a black heterozygous Ee and a 1 in 4 chance of a chestnut being produced (Wellman, 2009). See table 1. Polygenic inheritance is seen in a variety of colour patterns in horses, such a shade and mane and tail colour. These might be due to influence of multiple genes (Thiruvenkadan, 2008). Gene mapping has been used to assign numerous coat colour traits and disorders that are inherited to the horse chromosome. Molecular genetic studies for coat colour in horses have helped identify the genes and mutations which are responsible for coat colour variation. Microsatellite markers that linked to the trait were also found (Thiruvenkadan, 2008). Microsatellite loci tests across horse population showed that the highest observed heterozygosity of 0.0782 and highest diversity of 0.779 was the Fell pony, the lowest was in the Friesian horse (Luis, 2007). Microsatellites show high allelic diversity and are used to calculate genetic distance between the breeds (Mills, 2005). Any horse breed existing today is an expression of the history of genetic drift and selection. The genotype for a breed will contain genes and combinations which code for specific characteristics, (such as good temperament and intelligence in Fells (Simper, 2003)). Foal Pony Syndrome Mutations that occur in a gene make it defective or somewhat unusual (Guttman et al 2002). This is seen as a deleterious gene in the Fell pony. In the early 80s it became aware that new born foals were dying from an unknown disease which couldnt be cured by traditional medicines. After post-mortem examinations the conclusion came that is was most likely something of genetic origin (Brunt 2000). Fell pony foals get a condition called immunodeficiency disorder (Fell pony syndrome). Plate 1 shows a foal with the syndrome. It affects foals less than 3 years of age. Both sexes get it; the signs are diarrhoea, pneumonia, lymphopenia, ulcers on tongue, a curly coat which is unusually long and death (Higgins, 2006). Blood samples from the foals revealed that there is a low red blood cell count, low lymphocyte count and a high white cell count. A diagnosis can be made from a bone marrow sample taken from the breastbone. The syndrome causes severe anaemia, impaired immunity and is fatal with the foals usually being put down or dying by the age of 3-4 months. As the syndrome is only known in the Fell pony breed it is assumed that its of genetic origin (Thomas, 2000).Foals usually fall ill around 4 weeks of age. This condition is possibly caused by an autosomal recessive deleterious gene which is inherited (Higgins, 2006) Due to the Fells small gene pool this syndrome is increasing at an alarming rate, as it is estimated that only 5000-6000 ponies are left worldwide. Selective breeding is better than the elimination of carriers when breeding to avoid a syndrome foal. If the syndrome is proved to be of genetic cause and the carriers can be found then they shouldnt eliminate the carrier ponies from the breeding stock as narrowing the small gene pool any further would have a devastating effect to the breed (Thomas, 2000). The level of FPS in the Fell pony population may be due to the history of the breed as after the Second World War there was a huge fall in numbers. This resulted in genetic bottleneck (Horse Trust, 2008). It is likely that two- thirds of the Fell pony population is a carrier, and 10-20% of foals a year are syndrome foals. No affected foals have been known to survive (Thomas, 2000). The stem cells in bone marrow are generally missing in the syndrome foals. The bone marrow matrix might be failing to produce the stem cells and be deficient (Millard, 2000).The most likely cause of the syndrome beginning is thought to have been inbreeding/line breeding in the 1960s (Plate 2). The original carrier stallion isnt known but there is one heavily used stallion in the 1950s that is noticed in the pedigree of each known syndrome foal (Thomas, 2000) The only way of getting rid of this genetic problem is with carefully managed breeding. Genetic disorders are common and the management of breeding has been seen in other animal breeds which have worked successfully for them (Brunt, 2000). The Fell pony society is performing constant genetic tests to try and eliminate the syndrome from the breed. The breeders are working with the society to preserve the Fell pony breed. Carries can still be bred to a test clear pony; this will stop the loss of desirable breed traits. The foals can be DNA tested to see whether they are a carrier or not. A veterinarian can collect samples and have them sent to a genetic lab to determine whether they are a carrier of the deleterious gene or not (Animal health trust, N.D)